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Related Concept Videos

Precipitation Processes01:12

Precipitation Processes

499
The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
499
Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

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Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation03:12

Freezing Point Depression and Boiling Point Elevation

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Boiling Point Elevation
The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which its vapor pressure is equal to ambient atmospheric pressure. Since the vapor pressure of a solution is lowered due to the presence of nonvolatile solutes, it stands to reason that the solution’s boiling point will subsequently be increased. Vapor pressure increases with temperature, and so a solution will require a higher temperature than will pure solvent to achieve any given vapor pressure, including one...
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Washing, Drying, and Ignition of Precipitates00:52

Washing, Drying, and Ignition of Precipitates

990
After filtration, the precipitate is washed to remove coprecipitated impurities and any remaining mother liquor. Colloidal precipitates, such as silver chloride, are washed with an electrolyte (such as dilute nitric acid) to prevent the peptization of the precipitate. In the case of slightly soluble precipitates, the wash solution contains a common ion to reduce solubility. Lead sulfate, which is slightly soluble in water, is washed with dilute sulfuric acid. Similarly, wash solutions may be...
990
Sublimation01:03

Sublimation

790
Sublimation is the direct transformation of a solid to a gaseous state. For instance, at standard pressure and room temperature, solid carbon dioxide sublimes to gaseous carbon dioxide. The phase diagram depicts the conditions required for sublimation. This process occurs at the solid-gas phase boundary and is not observed above the triple point of the substance. The reverse of sublimation is called deposition, where a gaseous substance condenses directly into a solid. Sublimation and...
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Integrated Science Teaching in Atmospheric Ice Nucleation Research: Immersion Freezing Experiments.

Elise K Wilbourn1, Sarah Alrimaly1, Holly Williams1

  • 1Department of Life, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, West Texas A&M University, Canyon, Texas 79016, United States.

Journal of Chemical Education
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study developed hands-on modules for teaching atmospheric ice nucleation and cloud freezing. Students gained practical skills in laboratory measurements, data analysis, and understanding climate change impacts.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Atmospheric Science
  • Climate Change Research

Background:

  • Atmospheric ice nucleation is crucial for understanding cloud formation and its impact on global climate change.
  • Effective STEM education requires hands-on laboratory experiences to build practical skills.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and test hands-on curricular modules for teaching atmospheric ice nucleation and cloud droplet freezing.
  • To enhance students' competence in STEM fields through practical laboratory measurements and data analysis.

Main Methods:

  • Developed three laboratory modules using the West Texas Cryogenic Refrigerator Applied to Freezing Test (WT-CRAFT) system.
  • Trained 18 STEM interns and tested with 28 students, covering calibration, freezing assays, and physicochemical water analyses.
  • Included data analysis training on freezing spectra, uncertainty analysis, and ice nucleation efficiency estimation.

Main Results:

  • Students successfully simulated atmospheric ice nucleation and cloud droplet freezing.
  • Acquired skills in calibrating equipment, performing freezing assays, and analyzing water properties (pH, conductivity, surface tension, microscopy).
  • Improved problem-solving abilities and understanding of data variability and uncertainty in scientific results.

Conclusions:

  • The developed modules effectively enhance student skills in atmospheric ice nucleation research and environmental science curricula.
  • The hands-on approach fosters multidisciplinary problem-solving and disseminates results with an understanding of uncertainty.
  • These modules are adaptable for undergraduate and graduate environmental science programs.