Advanced biomaterials for human glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) drug delivery

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) has several distinctive characteristics linked to a poor early-stage prognosis. The crucial obstacle in the treatment of GBM is the inability of chemo drugs or other anticancer medicines to reach brain tumors due to the blood-brain tumor barrier (BBTB), leading to weak cytotoxic activity and drug resistance. Additionally, there is a limited number of clinically approved anticancer medicines for GBM because of the heterogeneity of this type of tumor. Presently, four FDA-approved drugs are available for the treatment of GBM, i.e., temozolomide, lomustine, carmustine, and bevacizumab. These drugs are primarily used to treat recurrent high-grade gliomas and their symptoms. Unfortunately, despite efforts to treat GBM over the last 60 years, no significant progress has been made in extending the overall survival (OS) of patients with this disease. Therefore, possible treatments and accessible drugs must be modified or advanced medicines developed to treat GBM. Several innovative strategies have been used to overcome these challenges, such as combining traditional therapies with emerging nanoscale-based biomaterials for multifunctional characteristics. These modified nanoscale biomaterials can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and increase chemo-drug sensitivity through improved accumulation and efficiency. Herein, we review the recent developments in organic and inorganic biomaterial-based nanoparticles for GBM drug delivery. Firstly, we present a brief overview of the FDA-approved drugs and some additional chemo drugs for treating GBM, followed by a discussion on the drawbacks of the delivery of these drugs in GBM. Further, the current challenges in the field of GBM drug delivery, significant advancements in biomaterials research to overcome these obstacles, and subsequent considerations and opportunities for the application of biomaterials in the clinical treatment of GBM are highlighted.