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Apples before the fall: Does shape stability coincide with maturity?

Maria D Christodoulou1,2, Alastair Culham2

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Summary

Apple fruit shape stability is cultivar-dependent, often stabilizing late in the growing season. Geometric morphometrics proved more effective than linear methods in detecting this stability, crucial for cultivar identification.

Keywords:
applesasymmetrygeometric morphometricslinear morphometricsshape developmentshape stability

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Area of Science:

  • Plant morphology
  • Horticulture
  • Developmental biology

Background:

  • Fruit shape is a critical descriptor for plant taxonomy and horticulture.
  • Understanding shape development and stability is essential for apple cultivar identification and commercial authentication.
  • Factors influencing fruit shape include genetics, epigenetics, environment, and chance events.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine if and when apple fruit shape stabilizes during development.
  • To investigate the influence of fruit asymmetry on shape stability.
  • To compare the effectiveness of linear and geometric morphometrics in assessing shape stability.

Main Methods:

  • Sampling of twelve apple cultivars at regular intervals from anthesis to harvest over two growing seasons.
  • Analysis of fruit shape using both linear and geometric morphometrics.
  • Assessment of shape stability and asymmetry in developing apple fruits.

Main Results:

  • Shape stability was detected in seven out of twelve cultivars (four asymmetric, three symmetric).
  • Five cultivars did not exhibit shape stability within the observed period.
  • Shape stability, when achieved, occurred late in the growing season and was cultivar-dependent.
  • Geometric morphometrics identified stability more readily than linear methods, particularly in symmetric cultivars.

Conclusions:

  • Apple fruit shape stabilization is a cultivar-specific process, often occurring late in development.
  • The timing and occurrence of shape stability are influenced by inherent cultivar traits and potentially asymmetry.
  • Geometric morphometrics offers a more sensitive approach for detecting shape stability in apples, aiding in cultivar authentication and marketing.