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Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview01:26

Thermal and Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Overview

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Electrocyclic reactions are reversible reactions. They involve an intramolecular cyclization or ring-opening of a conjugated polyene. Shown below are two examples of electrocyclic reactions. In the first reaction, the formation of the cyclic product is favored. In contrast, in the second reaction, ring-opening is favored due to the high ring strain associated with cyclobutene formation.
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Electrocyclic reactions, cycloadditions, and sigmatropic rearrangements are concerted pericyclic reactions that proceed via a cyclic transition state. These reactions are stereospecific and regioselective. The stereochemistry of the products depends on the symmetry characteristics of the interacting orbitals and the reaction conditions. Accordingly, pericyclic reactions are classified as either symmetry-allowed or symmetry-forbidden. Woodward and Hoffmann presented the selection criteria for...
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Stereoisomerism

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Isomerism in Complexes
Isomers are different chemical species that have the same chemical formula.
Transition metal complexes often exist as geometric isomers, in which the same atoms are connected through the same types of bonds but with differences in their orientation in space. Coordination complexes with two different ligands in the cis and trans positions from a ligand of interest form isomers. For example, the octahedral [Co(NH3)4Cl2]+ ion has two isomers (Figure 1) In the cis...
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Thermal Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry01:17

Thermal Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry

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The stereochemistry of electrocyclic reactions is strongly influenced by the orbital symmetry of the polyene HOMO. Under thermal conditions, the reaction proceeds via the ground-state HOMO.
Selection Rules: Thermal Activation
Conjugated systems containing an even number of π-electron pairs undergo a conrotatory ring closure. For example, thermal electrocyclization of (2E,4E)-2,4-hexadiene, a conjugated diene containing two π-electron pairs, gives trans-3,4-dimethylcyclobutene.
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Photochemical Electrocyclic Reactions: Stereochemistry01:26

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The absorption of UV–visible light by conjugated systems causes the promotion of an electron from the ground state to the excited state. Consequently, photochemical electrocyclic reactions proceed via the excited-state HOMO rather than the ground-state HOMO. Since the ground- and excited-state HOMOs have different symmetries, the stereochemical outcome of electrocyclic reactions depends on the mode of activation; i.e., thermal or photochemical.
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Complexation Equilibria: The Chelate Effect01:19

Complexation Equilibria: The Chelate Effect

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In complexation reactions, metal atoms or cations interact with ligands to form donor-acceptor adducts called metal complexes. Ligands that bind through one donor site are monodentate, ligands with two donor sites are bidentate, and those with more than two donor sites are polydentate ligands. For example, ethylene diamine is a bidentate ligand that binds through two nitrogen donor atoms, forming a five-membered ring. EDTA is a polydentate ligand that binds through four oxygen and two nitrogen...
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The Synthesis, Characterization and Reactivity of a Series of Ruthenium N-triphosPh Complexes
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Reversible Chromism of Tethered Ruthenium(II) Complexes in the Solid State.

Francisco Martínez-Peña1, Sonia Infante-Tadeo1, José Sánchez Costa1

  • 1IMDEA Nanociencia, Faraday 9, Madrid 28049, Spain.

Inorganic Chemistry
|April 20, 2023
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Summary

Tethered ruthenium(II) complexes reversibly capture and release hydrogen chloride (HCl) gas in the solid state. This reversible reaction occurs at room temperature, maintaining the material

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Area of Science:

  • Organometallic Chemistry
  • Solid-State Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Ruthenium(II) complexes with tethered arene:N ligands have been synthesized.
  • Understanding the solid-state reactivity of organometallic compounds is crucial for developing new functional materials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the solid-state reaction of tethered ruthenium(II) complexes with hydrogen chloride (HCl).
  • To explore the potential of these organoruthenium materials for reversible HCl capture and release.

Main Methods:

  • Solid-state reaction of [Ru(η⁶:κ¹-arene:N)Cl₂] complexes with HCl vapors at room temperature.
  • Characterization of the resulting open-tethered chlorido counterparts [Ru(η⁶-arene:NH)Cl₃] using techniques that maintain crystallinity.

Main Results:

  • Tethered ruthenium(II) complexes (1 and 2) converted to open-tethered chlorido counterparts (1·HCl and 2·HCl) upon exposure to HCl gas.
  • The reaction is reversible, accompanied by a color change, and preserves crystallinity.
  • Organoruthenium tethers demonstrated reversible HCl capture and release in the crystalline solid state.

Conclusions:

  • Tethered organoruthenium complexes serve as effective nonporous materials for reversible solid-state HCl capture and release.
  • The observed reversible solid-state reaction offers a novel approach for gas storage and handling.