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The Auditory Ossicles

The Auditory Ossicles

The auditory ossicles of the middle ear transmit sounds from the air as vibrations to the fluid-filled cochlea. The auditory ossicles consist of two malleus (hammer) bones, two incus (anvil) bones, and two stapes (stirrups), one on each side. These bones develop during the fetal stage and are the ones to ossify first. They are fully mature at birth and do not grow afterward.
The aptly named stapes look very much like a stirrup. The three ossicles are unique to mammals, and each plays a role in...

The Cochlea

The Cochlea

The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.

Hearing

Hearing

When we hear a sound, our nervous system is detecting sound waves—pressure waves of mechanical energy traveling through a medium. The frequency of the wave is perceived as pitch, while the amplitude is perceived as loudness.

Auditory Pathway

Auditory Pathway

Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory system to the brain. Sound waves are initially captured by the outer ear, funneled through the ear canal, and reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum). These vibrations are transmitted via the middle ear's ossicles to the inner ear's cochlea.
When viewed cross-sectionally, the cochlea reveals the scala vestibuli and scala tympani flanking...

Blood and Nerve Supply to the Bones

Blood and Nerve Supply to the Bones

Bones are dynamic organs that require a rich supply of oxygen and nutrients. Around 5% to 10% of the cardiac output supplies blood to the bones. A typical long bone has three main sources: the nutrient artery, the metaphyseal and epiphyseal arteries, and the periosteal arteries.
Nutrient Artery
The nutrient artery is the main blood vessel that enters the diaphysis via the nutrient foramen. While most long bones have only one nutrient foramen, large bones, such as the femur, may have two. This...

Anatomy of the Ear

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Auditory sensation, commonly called hearing, involves the transformation of sonic waves into neural impulses facilitated by the structures of the auditory organ. The prominent, flesh-like structure on the side of the head, called the auricle, directs sound waves towards the auditory canal. The auricle is often mislabeled as the pinna, a term more aligned with mobile structures like a feline's external ear. The auditory canal penetrates the cranium via the external auditory meatus of the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 2, 2025

Neuro-rehabilitation Approach for Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss

Neuro-rehabilitation Approach for Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss

Published on: January 25, 2016

Hearing Through Bone Conduction Headsets.

Sudeep Surendran¹, Srdan Prodanovic¹, Stefan Stenfelt¹

¹Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.

Trends in Hearing

|April 21, 2023

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Bone conduction (BC) stimulation near the ear canal opening enhances sound sensitivity but is unsuitable for clinical use. This position is ideal for virtual and augmented reality communication headsets.

Keywords:

bone conduction bone conduction pathways ear canal sound pressure headsets

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Area of Science:

Audiology
Biomedical Engineering
Acoustics

Background:

Bone conduction (BC) stimulation is traditionally used for hearing assessment and aids, applied at the mastoid.
Recent applications involve communication headsets with BC stimulation near the ear canal opening.

Purpose of the Study:

Investigate BC sound transmission for stimulation near the ear canal opening.
Determine the suitability of this position for clinical applications versus communication devices.

Main Methods:

Measured ear canal sound pressure in 21 participants.
Assessed hearing thresholds.
Performed simulations using the LiUHead model.

Main Results:

BC stimulation near the ear canal opening improved sensitivity by 20-40 dB.
Transcranical transmission was -40 to -25 dB, enhancing binaural cues.
Ear canal sound pressure was the dominant factor (approx. 25 dB greater than bone vibration).

Conclusions:

BC stimulation near the ear canal opening is highly sensitive, suitable for virtual/augmented reality communication headsets.
This position is inappropriate for clinical audiology as conductive hearing loss affects both BC and air conduction similarly.