Evaluation of cost-effective system designs for long axial field-of-view PET scanners

Objective. Current commercial positron emission tomography (PET) scanners have excellent performance and diagnostic image quality primarily due to improvements in scanner sensitivity and time-of-flight (TOF) resolution. Recent years have seen the development of total-body PET scanners with longer axial field-of-view (AFOV) that increase sensitivity for single organ imaging, and also image more of the patient in a single bed position thereby enabling multi-organ dynamic imaging. While studies have shown significant capabilities of these systems, cost will be a major factor in their widespread adoption in the clinic. Here we evaluate alternative designs that achieve many advantages of long AFOV PET while utilizing cost-effective detector hardware.Approach. We utilize Monte Carlo simulations and clinically relevant lesion detectability metric to study the impact of scintillator type lutetium oxyorthosilicate or bismuth germanate (LSO or BGO), scintillator thickness (10-20 mm), and TOF resolution on resultant image quality in a 72 cm long scanner. Detector TOF resolution was varied based on current scanner performance, as well as expected future performance from detector designs that currently hold most promise for scaling into a scanner.Main results. Results indicate that BGO is competitive with LSO (both 20 mm thick) if we assume that it uses TOF (e.g. Cerenkov timing with 450 ps fwhm and Lorentzian distribution) and the LSO scanner has TOF resolution similar to the latest PMT-based scanners (∼500-650 ps). Alternatively, a system using 10 mm thick LSO with 150 ps TOF resolution can also provide similar performance. Both these alternative systems can provide cost savings (25%-33%) relative to a scanner using 20 mm LSO with ∼50% of effective sensitivity, but still 500%-700% higher than a conventional AFOV scanner.Significance. Our results have relevance to the development of long AFOV PET, where reduced cost of these alternative designs can provide wider accessibility for use in situations requiring imaging of multiple organs simultaneously.