Review of Risk Factors Associated With Biomarkers for Alzheimer Disease
Summary
Alzheimer disease (AD) risk factors include sleep disruption, depression, and motor function changes. Early screening for these in older adults may aid in detecting AD biomarkers.
Area of Science:
- Neurology
- Biomarkers
- Geriatrics
Background:
- Alzheimer disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder with no cure.
- The incidence of AD doubles every five years, increasing the urgency for early detection.
- Current AD diagnosis relies on clinical assessments and imaging, but biomarkers offer new diagnostic avenues.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review recent literature on early detection biomarkers for Alzheimer disease (AD).
- To identify risk factors associated with AD development and progression.
Main Methods:
- A comprehensive database search of PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE, and CINAHL was performed.
- The review included articles published within the last five years, focusing on adults aged 65 and older.
- Twelve relevant articles were selected for this review.
Main Results:
- Sleep disruption, depression, and impaired motor function are identified as potential risk factors for AD.
- Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers (tau and amyloid-beta) showed lower levels in Black individuals compared to White individuals, indicating potential population-specific reference ranges.
- The relationship between depression and AD pathology (amyloid-beta and tau) remains inconclusive.
Conclusions:
- Nurses should screen older adults for sleep disturbances, depression, and motor function deficits.
- Promoting good sleep hygiene and advocating for sleep studies in individuals with suspected sleep apnea are recommended.
- Screening for falls and decreased motor function is crucial as they may signal early AD biomarker abnormalities.
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