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Sensory Functions of the Skin

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The skin is the largest organ of the human body and plays a crucial role in our sensory perception. It contains a vast network of sensory receptors that contribute to the skin's protective function by perceiving physical, biological, and environmental cues and generating relevant responses.
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Tactile and Chemical Senses

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Tactile senses encompass touch, temperature, and pain, each mediated by specific receptors. Touch receptors detect mechanical energy or pressure against the skin. Sensory fibers from these receptors enter the spinal cord and relay information to the brain stem. Here, most fibers cross over to the opposite side of the brain. The touch information then moves to the thalamus, which projects a map of the body's surface onto the somatosensory areas of the parietal lobes in the cerebral cortex.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 1, 2025

Author Spotlight: Combined Peripheral Nerve Stimulation and Controllable Pulse Parameter Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to Probe Sensorimotor Control and Learning

Author Spotlight: Combined Peripheral Nerve Stimulation and Controllable Pulse Parameter Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation to Probe Sensorimotor Control and Learning

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Contactless Electrostatic Piloerection for Haptic Sensations.

Naroa Iriarte, Inigo Ezcurdia, Sonia Elizondo

IEEE Transactions on Haptics

|April 25, 2023

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces artificial piloerection via contactless electrostatics for tactile sensations. Findings reveal sensitive body areas and applications for immersive virtual experiences, enhancing entertainment like games and movies.

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Last Updated: Aug 1, 2025

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A Tactile Automated Passive-Finger Stimulator TAPS

A Tactile Automated Passive-Finger Stimulator TAPS

Published on: June 3, 2009

Area of Science:

Human-Computer Interaction
Haptics and Tactile Feedback
Electrostatics

Background:

Traditional tactile feedback methods often require physical contact.
Piloerection, or 'goosebumps,' is a natural human response that can enhance immersion.
Developing artificial piloerection offers a novel approach to contactless tactile sensation.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop and evaluate contactless electrostatic methods for inducing artificial piloerection.
To identify human sensitivity to electrostatic piloerection on different body parts.
To integrate artificial piloerection with virtual reality for enhanced user experiences.

Main Methods:

Design and testing of high-voltage generators with varying electrodes and grounding.
Conducting psychophysics studies to map tactile sensitivity and associated descriptors.
Integrating electrostatic piloerection with a head-mounted display for fear-based augmented reality.

Main Results:

Successful generation of artificial piloerection using contactless electrostatics.
Identification of specific upper body regions with higher sensitivity to this stimulus.
Demonstration of an augmented virtual experience leveraging electrostatic piloerection for fear induction.

Conclusions:

Contactless electrostatics is a viable method for creating artificial piloerection and tactile sensations.
Understanding human sensitivity allows for targeted application of this technology.
Artificial piloerection holds potential for enriching various media experiences, from games to exhibitions.