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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Food Intake01:30

Regulation of Food Intake

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Short-term regulation of food intake primarily involves neural signals from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, blood nutrient levels, and GI tract hormones. Communication between the gut and brain via vagal nerve fibers plays a significant role in evaluating the contents of the gut. Clinical studies have shown that protein ingestion produces a more prolonged response in these nerve fibers compared to an equivalent amount of glucose. Additionally, the activation of stretch receptors caused by GI...
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Hormonal Regulation01:40

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Hormones regulate a significant portion of digestion through activation of the neuroendocrine system. The neuroendocrine system of digestion contains many different hormones all with multiple functions that are both, directly and indirectly, involved in digestion.
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Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists01:24

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Incretins include glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), which stimulate insulin secretion post-meals. In type 2 diabetes, GIP's efficacy is reduced, making GLP-1 a viable drug target. GIP originates from preproGIP.
GLP-1, when administered in high doses intravenously, triggers insulin secretion, inhibits glucagon release, slows gastric emptying, reduces food intake, and restores normal insulin secretion. However, its rapid inactivation by...
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Hormones Secreted by the Stomach01:25

Hormones Secreted by the Stomach

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Enteroendocrine cells, accounting for only 1% of stomach epithelial cells, play a significant role in digestion and are classified by their digestive hormone secretions.
Each of these hormones secreted by different enteroendocrine cells plays a unique role in digestion. Here are a few examples:
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Intracellular Hormone Receptors01:08

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Lipid-soluble hormones diffuse across the plasma and nuclear membrane of target cells to bind to their specific intracellular receptors. These receptors act as transcription factors that regulate gene expression and protein synthesis in the target cell
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Hormones Regulating Blood Glucose01:16

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Insulin is released by beta cells of the pancreas when blood glucose levels are high. It facilitates glucose absorption and utilization in insulin-dependent cells with insulin receptors on their plasma membranes. Insulin promotes glucose uptake by increasing the number of glucose transport proteins in the cell membrane, allowing glucose to enter the cell. As a result, glucose utilization and ATP production are enhanced.
In addition to accelerating glucose uptake and utilization, insulin has...
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Updated: Aug 1, 2025

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Bioinspired, ingestible electroceutical capsules for hunger-regulating hormone modulation.

Khalil B Ramadi1,2,3,4,5, James C McRae1,3, George Selsing1

  • 1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.

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A novel ingestible capsule, inspired by a lizard

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Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology
  • Bioengineering
  • Neuroendocrinology

Background:

  • The gut-brain axis regulates physiological functions, but current modulation methods have risks.
  • Electrical stimulation of the GI tract often requires invasive procedures.
  • Stimulating mucosal tissue is difficult due to luminal fluid interference.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel ingestible device for non-invasive gut-brain axis modulation.
  • To overcome challenges in stimulating GI mucosal tissue.
  • To achieve systemic modulation of gastrointestinal hormones.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a bioinspired, fluid-wicking ingestible capsule (FLASH).
  • Characterization of stimulation parameters for GI hormone modulation in a porcine model.
  • Application of parameters to the ingestible capsule system for oral administration.

Main Results:

  • The FLASH capsule effectively wicks fluid and stimulates mucosal tissue.
  • Systemic modulation of an orexigenic GI hormone was achieved.
  • The device was safely excreted in porcine models without adverse effects.

Conclusions:

  • The FLASH capsule offers a non-invasive approach to modulate the gut-brain axis.
  • This technology has potential applications in treating metabolic, GI, and neuropsychiatric disorders.
  • The bioinspired design overcomes previous limitations in GI electrical stimulation.