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Updated: Aug 1, 2025
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Published on: January 7, 2019
A comprehensive SERS, SEM and EDX study of individual atmospheric PM2.5 particles in Chengdu, China
Dongxian Li1, Weisheng Yue2, Tiancheng Gong2
1Institute of Optics and Electronics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 350, Chengdu 610209, China; School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China; National Key Laboratory of Optical Field Manipulation Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 350, Chengdu 610209, China; School of Optoelectronics, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
Abstract:
Characterization of atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in large cities has important implications for the study of their sources and formation mechanisms, as well as in developing effective measures to control air pollution. Herein, we report a holistic physical and chemical characterization of PM2.5 by combining surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron-induced X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). PM2.5 particles were collected in a suburban area of Chengdu, a large city in China with a population over 21 million. A special SERS chip composed of inverted hollow Au cone (IHAC) arrays was designed and fabricated to allow direct loading of PM2.5 particles. SERS and EDX were used to reveal the chemical composition, and particle morphologies were analyzed from SEM images. SERS data of atmospheric PM2.5 indicated qualitatively the presence of carbonaceous particulate matter, sulfate, nitrate, metal oxides and bioparticles. The EDX showed the presence of the elements C, N, O, Fe, Na, Mg, Al, Si, S, K, and Ca in the collected PM2.5. Morphology analysis showed that the particulates were mainly in the form of flocculent clusters, spherical, regular crystal shaped or irregularly shaped particles. Our chemical and physical analyses also revealed that the main sources of PM2.5 are automobile exhaust, secondary pollution caused by photochemical reactions in the air, dust, emission from nearby industrial exhaust, biological particles, other aggregated particles, and hygroscopic particles. SERS and SEM data collected during three different seasons showed that carbon-containing particles are the principal sources of PM2.5. Our study demonstrates that the SERS based technique, when combined with standard physicochemical characterization methods, is a powerful analytical tool to determine the sources of ambient PM2.5 pollution. Results obtained in this work may be valuable to the prevention and control of PM2.5 pollution in air.
