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Related Concept Videos

The Parathyroid Glands00:59

The Parathyroid Glands

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The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
Oxyphil cells, whose functions remain elusive, emerge during late puberty, adding a layer of complexity to the parathyroid gland's intricacies. In contrast, principal parathyroid cells undertake a vital role by...
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Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

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The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
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Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis01:21

Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis

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Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
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Hypertension III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies01:30

Hypertension III: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Studies

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Hypertension is asymptomatic and also referred to as the "silent killer" until it progresses to a severe stage or causes target organ disease. Patients may experience symptoms stemming from the strain on blood vessels and tissues in various organs or the heart's increased workload.Physical exams might show no abnormalities other than high blood pressure. Signs of vascular damage, when present, correspond to the organs supplied by the affected vessels, leading to target organ damage. For...
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Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones01:20

Synthesis and Regulation of Thyroid Hormones

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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
Upon reaching the thyroid gland, TSH stimulates the follicular cells' active uptake of iodide ions from the blood. The ions diffuse to the apical surface of the cells and are oxidized to iodine. The...
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Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin00:51

Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin

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Calcitonin, a vital polypeptide hormone, regulates calcium levels within body fluids. It is released by the parafollicular cells, also known as C cells, situated in the follicular epithelium of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin responds to fluctuations in blood calcium levels and the influence of gastrointestinal hormones like gastrin and cholecystokinin.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 1, 2025

Generation of Hypoparathyroid Rats via Carbon-Nanoparticle-Assisted Parathyroidectomy
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Normohormonal primary hyperparathyroidism: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Kylie J Nabata1, Jacob J Wiseman1, Sam M Wiseman1

  • 1Department of Surgery, St. Paul's Hospital & University of British Columbia, C303-1081 Burrard St, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6Z 1Y6, Canada.

American Journal of Surgery
|April 26, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Normohormonal primary hyperparathyroidism (NHpHPT) patients often present with normal parathyroid hormone (PTH) and elevated calcium. Surgical cure rates are high with parathyroidectomy, especially with bilateral neck exploration for multigland disease.

Keywords:
CalciumNormohormonalParathyroid hormonePrimary hyperparathyroidism

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Establishment of a Simple and Effective Rat Model for Intraoperative Parathyroid Gland Imaging
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Two Techniques to Create Hypoparathyroid Mice: Parathyroidectomy Using GFP Glands and Diphtheria-Toxin-Mediated Parathyroid Ablation
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Last Updated: Aug 1, 2025

Generation of Hypoparathyroid Rats via Carbon-Nanoparticle-Assisted Parathyroidectomy
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Establishment of a Simple and Effective Rat Model for Intraoperative Parathyroid Gland Imaging
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Two Techniques to Create Hypoparathyroid Mice: Parathyroidectomy Using GFP Glands and Diphtheria-Toxin-Mediated Parathyroid Ablation
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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Surgical Oncology

Background:

  • Normohormonal primary hyperparathyroidism (NHpHPT) is characterized by normal parathyroid hormone (PTH) and elevated calcium levels.
  • Limited understanding exists regarding the clinical presentation and optimal management strategies for NHpHPT patients.

Approach:

  • A systematic review was performed to evaluate existing evidence on NHpHPT.
  • Data extraction and analysis included odds ratios (OR) and standard mean differences (SMD) with 95% confidence intervals.

Key Points:

  • Twenty-two studies were included, revealing NHpHPT patients had significantly lower PTH and calcium levels compared to typical primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT).
  • The NHpHPT group demonstrated a 1.8-fold increased likelihood of undergoing bilateral neck exploration (BNE) and multigland disease.
  • Surgical cure rates were comparable: 93% for NHpHPT versus 96% for pHPT.

Conclusions:

  • Symptomatic NHpHPT patients benefit from parathyroidectomy.
  • Prolonged intraoperative PTH monitoring and a low threshold for BNE are recommended for NHpHPT management.