Hepatocellular Carcinoma: a Narrative Review on Current Knowledge and Future Prospects

Area of Science:

• Hepatology
• Oncology
• Cancer Research

Background:

• Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fourth leading cause of cancer death globally, with increasing mortality rates.
• Risk factors vary geographically and include viral hepatitis (B and C), non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and alcoholic liver disease.
• Fibrosis and cirrhosis are precursors to HCC, complicating management due to treatment resistance and recurrence.

Purpose of the Study:

• To provide an updated review of current knowledge on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
• To discuss future research directions for improving HCC treatment and patient outcomes.

Main Methods:

• This is a narrative review synthesizing existing literature on HCC.
• The review covers epidemiology, risk factors, disease progression, and current/emerging treatment strategies.

Main Results:

• Despite advances, current treatments for advanced HCC have limitations, evidenced by high mortality rates.
• Combinations of chemotherapy, immunotherapy, nanotechnology, and oncolytic viruses show promise for enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects.

Conclusions:

• There is an urgent need for improved therapeutic strategies for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
• Ongoing clinical trials and research into novel treatment combinations are crucial for improving survival rates and reducing recurrence.