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lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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Three main types of RNA are involved in protein synthesis: messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA). These RNAs perform diverse functions and can be broadly classified as protein-coding or non-coding RNA. Non-coding RNAs play important roles in regulating gene expression in response to developmental and environmental changes. Non-coding RNAs in prokaryotes can be manipulated to develop more effective antibacterial drugs for human or animal use.
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RNA Interference01:23

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RNA interference (RNAi) is a process in which a small non-coding RNA molecule blocks the post-transcriptional expression of a gene by binding to its messenger RNA (mRNA) and preventing the protein from being translated.
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RNA interference (RNAi) is a cellular mechanism that inhibits gene expression by suppressing its transcription or activating the RNA degradation process. The mechanism was discovered by Andrew Fire and Craig Mello in 1998 in plants. Today, it is observed in almost all eukaryotes, including protozoa, flies, nematodes, insects, parasites, and mammals. This precise cellular mechanism of gene silencing has been developed into a technique that provides an efficient way to identify and determine the...
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RNA Splicing

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Splicing is the process by which eukaryotic RNA is edited before its translation into protein. The RNA strand transcribed from eukaryotic DNA is called the primary transcript. The primary transcripts that become mRNAs are called precursor messenger RNAs (pre-mRNAs). Eukaryotic pre-mRNA contains alternating sequences of exons and introns. Exons are nucleotide sequences that code for proteins, whereas introns are the non-coding regions. In RNA splicing, introns are removed and exons are bonded...
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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns (non-coding regions of a gene) or intergenic regions (stretches of DNA present between genes). Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself, forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After the pre-miRNA...
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Identification of Circular RNAs using RNA Sequencing
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Circular RNAs Could Encode Unique Proteins and Affect Cancer Pathways.

Francesca Crudele1,2, Nicoletta Bianchi1, Anna Terrazzan1,3

  • 1Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy.

Biology
|April 28, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Circular RNAs (circRNAs) can encode proteins, with some showing unique structures and functions. This study identified circRNA-encoded proteins, revealing their differential expression in cancer and potential roles in disease prognosis.

Keywords:
AMLCircRNARNA-Seqtranslationtumor

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics and Molecular Biology
  • Cancer Research
  • RNA Biology

Background:

  • Circular RNAs (circRNAs) were traditionally considered non-coding, but their protein-coding potential is increasingly recognized.
  • Understanding circRNA function is crucial for advancing cancer diagnostics and therapeutics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically explore the protein-coding potential of a large dataset of circRNAs.
  • To investigate the functional and differential expression of circRNA-encoded proteins in cancer.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of over 160,000 circRNAs from the MiOncoCirc pan-cancer compendium using exome capture RNA-sequencing.
  • Comparison of primary structure and domain composition of circRNA-encoded proteins against their linear mRNA counterparts.
  • Differential expression analysis in cancer samples and correlation with prognosis, specifically in acute myeloid leukemia.

Main Results:

  • Identified 4,362 circRNAs with unique protein structures and 1,179 with novel domain compositions.
  • Found 183 circRNAs differentially expressed in cancer, with 8 linked to acute myeloid leukemia prognosis.
  • Dysregulated circRNA-encoded proteins are enriched in heme and cancer signaling, DNA binding, and phosphorylation pathways.

Conclusions:

  • A significant subset of circRNAs possess the potential to encode proteins with unique characteristics.
  • CircRNA-encoded proteins are dysregulated in cancer and may serve as novel biomarkers or therapeutic targets.
  • These findings highlight the functional relevance of circRNA-derived polypeptides in cancer biology and patient outcomes.