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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Cell Death01:30

Overview of Cell Death

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Cell death is an essential process where the body gets rid of old or damaged cells. Cell proliferation and death need to be balanced, as an imbalance between the two may lead to cancer or autoimmune diseases.
Cell death was observed in the early 19th century, but there was no experimental evidence to prove it. In 1842, Carl Vogt first discovered cell death in a metamorphic toad; however, it was not termed ‘cell death.’ Scientists discovered different cell death pathways only in the...
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Autophagic Cell Death01:18

Autophagic Cell Death

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Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
Autophagy and Apoptosis
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Necrosis01:16

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Necrosis is considered as an “accidental” or unexpected form of cell death that ends in cell lysis. The first noticeable mention of “necrosis” was in 1859 when Rudolf Virchow used this term to describe advanced tissue breakdown in his compilation titled “Cell Pathology”.
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Apoptosis01:30

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Apoptosis is a combination of two Greek words, 'apo' and 'ptosis,' meaning separation and falling off, respectively. Hippocrates used this word to describe gangrene, which was caused due to bandaging of fractured bones. Apoptosis was distinguished from necrosis in 1970 when John Kerr reported observations of morphological changes occurring during apoptosis. During one experiment, he observed that the disruption of blood supply to the liver tissue resulted in a size...
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The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:31

The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

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Internal cellular stress, such as cellular injury or hypoxia, triggers intrinsic apoptosis. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins are the primary regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. For example, during DNA damage, checkpoint proteins, such as Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM protein) and Checkpoints Factor-2 (Chk2) proteins, are activated. These proteins phosphorylate p53 which further activates pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax, Bak, PUMA, and Noxa, and inhibits...
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The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:17

The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

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The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
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Author Spotlight: THP-1 Macrophage Response to LPS/ATP — Unveiling the Pyroptosis, Apoptosis, and Necroptosis Spectrum
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Remove, Refine, Reduce: Cell Death in Biological Systems.

Marcus Krüger1

  • 1Environmental Cell Biology Group, Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cell death, a vital biological process, is crucial for development and tissue homeostasis. Understanding its mechanisms, including apoptosis and necrosis, is key to numerous diseases.

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Area of Science:

  • Cell biology
  • Molecular biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Cell death is a fundamental biological process essential for multicellular organisms.
  • It plays critical roles in development, tissue homeostasis, and eliminating damaged or infected cells.
  • Dysregulation of cell death pathways is implicated in various diseases, including cancer and neurodegenerative disorders.

Discussion:

  • Investigating the intricate molecular mechanisms governing different modes of cell death, such as apoptosis, necroptosis, and pyroptosis.
  • Exploring the signaling pathways and regulatory networks that control cell fate decisions.
  • Analyzing the interplay between cell death and inflammation, immunity, and disease pathogenesis.

Key Insights:

  • Recent advancements have elucidated novel regulators and pathways involved in programmed cell death.
  • Specific molecular triggers and executioners of distinct cell death modalities have been identified.
  • The context-dependent nature of cell death signaling highlights its complexity and adaptability.

Outlook:

  • Future research will focus on therapeutic strategies targeting cell death pathways for disease intervention.
  • Developing precise tools to modulate cell death offers potential for treating cancer, autoimmune diseases, and infections.
  • Further exploration of the non-apoptotic cell death pathways will reveal new therapeutic targets.