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Related Concept Videos

Mass and Weight01:19

Mass and Weight

Mass and weight are often used interchangeably in everyday conversation. For example,  medical records often show our weight in kilograms, but never in the correct units of newtons. In physics, however, there is an important distinction. Weight is the pull of the Earth on an object. It depends on the distance from the center of the Earth. Weight dramatically varies if we leave the Earth's surface, unlike mass, which does not vary with location. On the Moon, for example, the acceleration due to...
Weightlessness01:01

Weightlessness

When an object is dropped, it accelerates toward the center of the Earth. If the net external force on the object is its weight, it is said to be in free fall; that is, the only force acting on the object is gravity. Galileo was instrumental in showing that, in the absence of air resistance, all objects fall with the same acceleration g. However, when objects on the Earth fall downward, they are never truly in free fall, because there is always some upward resistance force from the air acting...
Rocket Propulsion in Gravitational Field - II01:03

Rocket Propulsion in Gravitational Field - II

A rocket's velocity in the presence of a gravitational field is decreased by the amount of force exerted by Earth's gravitational field, which opposes the motion of the rocket. If we consider thrust, that is, the force exerted on a rocket by the exhaust gases, then a rocket's thrust is greater in outer space than in the atmosphere or on a launch pad. In fact, gases are easier to expel in a vacuum.
A rocket's acceleration depends on three major factors, consistent with the equation for the...
Principle of Equivalence01:18

Principle of Equivalence

According to Albert Einstein (1897-1955), free-falling and feeling weightless are intrinsically linked. If a person were in free-fall under gravity, for example, diving towards the Earth from an airplane, they would feel completely weightless. Similarly, a person descending in a lift may feel partially weightless. Broadly speaking, it is assumed that an object in a uniform gravitational field and an object undergoing constant acceleration in the absence of gravity are under the same...
Gravitation01:16

Gravitation

In the years before Newton, a general belief prevailed that different laws governed objects in the sky than objects on Earth. When Kepler wrote down the three laws of planetary motion, explaining in detail the geometrical properties of the planetary orbits around the Sun, there was no immediate idea to discern their connection with more fundamental laws. It was Isaac Newton who, in 1665–66, figured out the connection between planetary motion, the motion of the moon around the Earth, and the...
Mass and Weight01:19

Mass and Weight

Mass and weight are often used interchangeably in everyday conversation. For example,  medical records often show our weight in kilograms, but never in the correct units of newtons. In physics, however, there is an important distinction. Weight is the pull of the Earth on an object. It depends on the distance from the center of the Earth. Weight dramatically varies if we leave the Earth's surface, unlike mass, which does not vary with location. On the Moon, for example, the acceleration due to...

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Related Experiment Video

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Reduced-gravity Environment Hardware Demonstrations of a Prototype Miniaturized Flow Cytometer and Companion Microfluidic Mixing Technology
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New Knowledge About Tissue Engineering Under Microgravity Conditions in Space and on Earth.

Markus Wehland1,2,3, Thomas J Corydon4,5, Luis Fernando González-Torres1,2

  • 1Department of Microgravity and Translational Regenerative Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, 39106 Magdeburg, Germany.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|January 10, 2026
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Microgravity-engineered 3D cell cultures offer advanced models for studying cancer and tissue regeneration, aligning with the 3Rs principles by reducing animal testing. These New Approach Methodologies (NAMs) show promise for translational medicine.

Keywords:
cancermicrogravityorganoidsspheroidsstem cellstissue engineering

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Cell Biology
  • Translational Medicine

Background:

  • Microgravity (µg) enables the formation of 3D multicellular aggregates, serving as advanced models for tissue and disease development.
  • These 3D models are crucial for cancer research, in vitro metastasis studies, and regenerative medicine, offering alternatives to animal testing.
  • New Approach Methodologies (NAMs) leverage microgravity exposure to human cells, supporting biomedical research, pharmacology, toxicology, and radiotherapy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent literature on microgravity-engineered tissues and their applications.
  • To discuss the use of microgravity-simulating instruments for generating 3D cell cultures.
  • To highlight the potential of these models in advancing translational medicine.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing microgravity-simulating instruments like the Rotating Wall Vessel, Random Positioning Machine, and clinostats.
  • Culturing various human cell types, including cancer cells (breast, lung, thyroid, prostate, gastrointestinal) and healthy cells (chondrocytes, stem cells, bone cells, endothelial cells, cardiovascular cells).
  • Analyzing the formation and characteristics of 3D spheroids and organoids under microgravity conditions.

Main Results:

  • Microgravity exposure promotes the growth of diverse human cells into 3D spheroids and organoids.
  • Studies examined various cancer types and healthy cell-derived tissues, demonstrating the versatility of microgravity-based models.
  • Data indicate that microgravity-engineered tissues are valuable tools for biomedical research and translational applications.

Conclusions:

  • Microgravity-engineered 3D cell cultures provide powerful in vitro models for understanding complex biological processes.
  • These models align with the 3Rs principles (replacement, reduction, refinement) by offering alternatives to animal testing.
  • The findings support the significant role of microgravity-based New Approach Methodologies in advancing translational medicine on Earth.