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The papillary and reticular dermis are the two layers of the dermis. They are made of connective tissue with fibers of collagen extending from one to the other, making the border between the two somewhat indistinct. The dermal papillae extending into the epidermis belong to the papillary layer, whereas the dense collagen fiber bundles below belong to the reticular layer.
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Dermis
The dermis might be considered the "core" of the integumentary system, as distinct from the epidermis and hypodermis. It contains blood and lymph vessels, nerves, and other structures, such as hair follicles and sweat glands. The dermis is made of two layers of connective tissue that comprise an interconnected mesh of elastin and collagenous fibers, produced by fibroblasts.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 1, 2025

Recognition of Epidermal Transglutaminase by IgA and Tissue Transglutaminase 2 Antibodies in a Rare Case of Rhesus Dermatitis
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Skin Microbiome in Prurigo Nodularis.

Klaudia Tutka1, Magdalena Żychowska1, Anna Żaczek2

  • 1Department of Dermatology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Medical College of Rzeszow University, 35-055 Rzeszów, Poland.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|April 28, 2023
PubMed
Summary

The bacterial microbiome in prurigo nodularis (PN) lesions is altered, with increased Staphylococcus, similar to atopic dermatitis (AD). Further research is needed to understand its role in this chronic skin condition.

Keywords:
16S rRNADNA sequencingbacteriamicrobiomemicrobiotaprurigo nodularis

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Microbiota Analysis Using Two-step PCR and Next-generation 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing
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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Dermatology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Prurigo nodularis (PN) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease causing intense itching and nodular lesions.
  • While infectious factors are suspected, the microbial composition of PN lesions remains largely uncharacterized.
  • Understanding the skin microbiome's role in PN is crucial for developing targeted therapies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the bacterial microbiome diversity and composition in prurigo nodularis (PN) lesions.
  • To compare the skin microbiome of PN patients with those of atopic dermatitis (AD) patients and healthy volunteers (HV).
  • To identify specific bacterial taxa associated with PN.

Main Methods:

  • Skin swabs collected from PN nodules, AD patches, and healthy skin.
  • Bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequencing targeting the V3-V4 hypervariable region using Illumina MiSeq.
  • Bioinformatic analysis including operational taxonomic unit (OTU) identification and taxonomic assignment against the Silva v.138 database.

Main Results:

  • No significant differences in alpha-diversity (within-sample diversity) were observed between PN, AD, and HV groups.
  • Significant differences in beta-diversity (between-sample diversity) were found across all three groups.
  • Staphylococcus was significantly more abundant in PN and AD samples compared to healthy controls, consistent across all taxonomic levels.

Conclusions:

  • The skin microbiome in prurigo nodularis (PN) is significantly altered compared to healthy skin.
  • The microbiome composition of PN is highly similar to that of atopic dermatitis (AD).
  • The role of Staphylococcus overgrowth in PN pathogenesis requires further investigation.