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Related Concept Videos

Structures of Solids02:22

Structures of Solids

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Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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Metallic Solids02:37

Metallic Solids

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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
All metallic solids exhibit high thermal and electrical conductivity, metallic luster, and malleability....
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Lattice Centering and Coordination Number02:33

Lattice Centering and Coordination Number

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The structure of a crystalline solid, whether a metal or not, is best described by considering its simplest repeating unit, which is referred to as its unit cell. The unit cell consists of lattice points that represent the locations of atoms or ions. The entire structure then consists of this unit cell repeating in three dimensions. The three different types of unit cells present in the cubic lattice are illustrated in Figure 1.
Types of Unit Cells
Imagine taking a large number of identical...
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Ionic Crystal Structures02:42

Ionic Crystal Structures

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Ionic crystals consist of two or more different kinds of ions that usually have different sizes. The packing of these ions into a crystal structure is more complex than the packing of metal atoms that are the same size.
Most monatomic ions behave as charged spheres, and their attraction for ions of opposite charge is the same in every direction. Consequently, stable structures for ionic compounds result (1) when ions of one charge are surrounded by as many ions as possible of the opposite...
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First Law: Particles in Two-dimensional Equilibrium01:18

First Law: Particles in Two-dimensional Equilibrium

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Recall that a particle in equilibrium is one for which the external forces are balanced. Static equilibrium involves objects at rest, and dynamic equilibrium involves objects in motion without acceleration; but it is important to remember that these conditions are relative. For instance, an object may be at rest when viewed from one frame of reference, but that same object would appear to be in motion when viewed by someone moving at a constant velocity.
Newton's first law tells us about...
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Molecular Models02:00

Molecular Models

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Physical models representing molecular architectures of chemical compounds play essential roles in understanding chemistry. The use of molecular models makes it easier to visualize the structures and shapes of atoms and molecules.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 1, 2025

Visualization of Failure and the Associated Grain-Scale Mechanical Behavior of Granular Soils under Shear using Synchrotron X-Ray Micro-Tomography
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Visualization of Failure and the Associated Grain-Scale Mechanical Behavior of Granular Soils under Shear using Synchrotron X-Ray Micro-Tomography

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Identify the Micro-Parameters for Optimized Discrete Element Models of Granular Materials in Two Dimensions Using

Xiaodong Zhou1,2, Dongzhao Jin2, Dongdong Ge2,3

  • 1Rizhao City Transportation Bureau, Rizhao 276800, China.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)
|April 28, 2023
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces new discrete element modeling procedures for granular materials using the hexagonal close-packed (HCP) structure. The validated approach enhances accuracy and reliability for simulating material behavior, particularly in asphalt mixtures.

Keywords:
asphalt mixturediscrete element methodgranular materialhexagonal close-packed structuremodeling theories

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Area of Science:

  • Geotechnical Engineering
  • Computational Mechanics
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Simple cubic-centered (SCC) models have limitations in simulating diagonal loading and Poisson's ratio in granular materials.
  • Existing discrete element models (DEM) for granular materials require improved efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and accuracy.
  • Accurate modeling of granular material behavior is crucial for infrastructure development and material science research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop efficient, cost-effective, and accurate DEM modeling procedures for granular materials.
  • To address the limitations of SCC models by employing the hexagonal close-packed (HCP) structure.
  • To establish reliable methods for deriving DEM micro-parameters from macro-parameters.

Main Methods:

  • Developed new DEM modeling procedures using coarse aggregate templates and random generation for virtual specimens.
  • Implemented the hexagonal close-packed (HCP) structure instead of SCC for improved shear failure and Poisson's ratio simulation.
  • Derived and verified mechanical calculations for contact micro-parameters through stiffness/bond and indirect tensile (IDT) tests.

Main Results:

  • A novel set of DEM modeling procedures utilizing the HCP structure was successfully developed and validated.
  • Micro-parameters for DEM models were effectively derived from material macro-parameters using derived equations.
  • Indirect tensile (IDT) test results confirmed the reliability of the new micro-parameter determination approach.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed HCP-based DEM modeling procedures offer a more effective and reliable method for granular material simulation.
  • The derived equations provide a robust link between material macro-properties and DEM model micro-parameters.
  • This advancement facilitates broader and deeper applications of HCP structure DEM models in granular material research.