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Hydraulic Jump

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A hydraulic jump is a sudden rise in fluid depth in open channels, occurring when high-velocity (supercritical) flow transitions to low-velocity (subcritical) flow. This phenomenon requires an upstream Froude number greater than 1, as flows with Fr1<1 remain subcritical, making a hydraulic jump impossible due to the need for negative head loss, which violates thermodynamic principles.The characteristics of a hydraulic jump depend on the upstream Froude number and are classified as...
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General External Flow Characteristics01:26

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The study of external flow is essential for creating structures and objects that interact efficiently and safely with moving fluids, such as air or water. When a body is immersed in a flowing fluid, it experiences two primary forces: drag, which opposes motion along the flow direction, and lift, which acts perpendicular to the flow. The shape, size, and orientation of the object influence these forces.Streamlined and Blunt Bodies in External FlowObjects in fluid flow are classified as...
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Characteristics of Fluids01:31

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Fluids differ from solids primarily in their molecular structure and stress response. Solids have tightly packed molecules with strong intermolecular forces, maintaining their shape and resisting deformation. In contrast, fluids have molecules spaced farther apart with weaker forces, allowing them to flow and deform easily.
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Laminar flow represents a smooth, orderly fluid motion where particles move along parallel paths, resulting in minimal mixing between layers. Streamlined particle paths characterize this flow regime and occur under conditions where viscous forces dominate over inertial forces. The distinction between laminar, transitional, and turbulent flow is primarily determined by the Reynolds number, a dimensionless quantity calculated as:
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When a fluid is in constant acceleration, the pressure and buoyant force equations are modified. Suppose a beaker is placed in an elevator accelerating upward with a constant acceleration, a. In the beaker, assume there is a thin cylinder of height h with an infinitesimal cross-sectional area, ΔS.
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Rapidly Varying Flow01:24

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Rapidly varying flow (RVF) in open channels is characterized by abrupt changes in flow depth over a short distance, with the rate of depth change relative to distance often approaching unity. These flows are inherently complex due to their transient and multi-dimensional nature, making exact analysis difficult. However, approximate solutions using simplified models provide valuable insights into their behavior.Key Features of Rapidly Varying FlowRVF is commonly observed in scenarios involving...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 1, 2025

High Speed Droplet-based Delivery System for Passive Pumping in Microfluidic Devices
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Hydrodynamic Delivery: Characteristics, Applications, and Technological Advances.

Takeshi Suda1, Takeshi Yokoo2, Tsutomu Kanefuji3

  • 1Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Uonuma Institute of Community Medicine, Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital, Minamiuonuma 949-7302, Niigata, Japan.

Pharmaceutics
|April 28, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Hydrodynamic delivery, initially for mouse gene delivery, now enables broad material delivery across species and organs. Regional methods advance gene therapy applications in large animals, including humans.

Keywords:
capillaryhydrodynamic injectionregionalsystemic

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Area of Science:

  • Biotechnology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Gene Therapy

Background:

  • Hydrodynamic delivery is a technique for delivering substances into cells.
  • Initially developed for plasmid delivery into mouse hepatocytes via tail vein injection.
  • Expanded to deliver various biologically active materials to diverse organs and animal species.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the fundamentals of hydrodynamic delivery.
  • To summarize progress in its applications.
  • To highlight recent advancements and future prospects.

Main Methods:

  • Systemic and local injection techniques.
  • Tail vein injection for plasmid delivery.
  • Regional hydrodynamic delivery for large animals.

Main Results:

  • Significant advances in applications and technological development.
  • Successful gene delivery in large animals, including humans, through regional methods.
  • Broadened use for delivering various biologically active materials.

Conclusions:

  • Hydrodynamic delivery has evolved significantly from its initial application.
  • Regional hydrodynamic delivery is crucial for gene delivery in larger animals.
  • Recent progress promises new generations of hydrodynamic delivery technologies for wider use.