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Related Concept Videos

Signal Transduction: Overview01:26

Signal Transduction: Overview

8.6K
Cells respond to many types of information, often through receptor proteins positioned on the membrane. They respond to chemical signals, such as hormones, neurotransmitters, and other signaling molecules, initiating a series of molecular reactions to produce an appropriate response. This is called signal transduction. Cells also coordinate different responses elicited by the same signaling molecule via mediators, allowing molecular cross-talk.
Typically, signal transduction involves three...
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Overview of Cell Signaling01:23

Overview of Cell Signaling

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Despite the protective membrane that separates a cell from the environment, cells need the ability to detect and respond to environmental changes. Additionally, cells often need to communicate with one another. Unicellular and multicellular organisms use a variety of cell signaling mechanisms to communicate with the environment.
Cells respond to many types of information, often through receptor proteins positioned on the membrane. For example, skin cells respond to and transmit touch...
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What is Cell Signaling?02:03

What is Cell Signaling?

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Despite the protective membrane that separates a cell from the environment, cells need the ability to detect and respond to environmental changes. Additionally, cells often need to communicate with one another. Unicellular and multicellular organisms use a variety of cell signaling mechanisms to communicate to respond to the environment.
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Cell-surface Signaling01:21

Cell-surface Signaling

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Hormones—or any molecule that binds to a receptor, known as a ligand—that are lipid-insoluble (water-soluble) are not able to diffuse across the cell membrane. In order to be able to affect a cell without entering it, these hormones bind to receptors on the cell membrane. When a first messenger, a hormone, binds to a receptor, a signal cascade is set off, causing second messengers, proteins inside the cell, to become activated, resulting in downstream effects.
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Diversity in Cell Signaling Responses01:22

Diversity in Cell Signaling Responses

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The physiological function of a cell and cellular communication are outcomes of a range of extrinsic signals, intracellular signaling pathways, and cellular responses. No two cell types express the same repertoire of signaling components. Receptors are highly selective for their cognate ligands, but once activated, they can alter multiple cellular processes such as DNA transcription, protein synthesis, and metabolic activity. 
Graded and Abrupt Responses
Some signaling systems generate...
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Amplifying Signals via Second Messengers01:15

Amplifying Signals via Second Messengers

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Many receptor binding ligands are hydrophilic; they do not cross the cell membrane but bind to cell-surface receptors. Thus, their message must be relayed by second messengers present in the cell cytoplasm. There are several second messenger pathways, each with its own way of relaying information. For example, the G protein-coupled receptors can activate both phosphoinositol and cyclic AMP (cAMP) second messenger pathways. The phosphoinositol pathway is active when the receptor induces...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Aug 1, 2025

Mimicking the Function of Signaling Proteins: Toward Artificial Signal Transduction Therapy
12:24

Mimicking the Function of Signaling Proteins: Toward Artificial Signal Transduction Therapy

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Signal Transduction in Artificial Cells.

Xiaolei Yu1,2, Vincent Mukwaya1,2, Stephen Mann1,2,3

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.

Small Methods
|April 28, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Researchers are building artificial cells (protocells) with basic signaling pathways to mimic life. These protocells can respond to biochemical signals or physical stimuli, paving the way for advanced life-like microsystems.

Keywords:
artificial cellssignal transducerssignaling pathways

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Area of Science:

  • Biomimetic chemistry
  • Origin of life studies
  • Synthetic biology

Background:

  • Biological systems rely on energy and matter exchange for activity.
  • Artificial cells (protocells) require rudimentary signaling for adaptive behaviors.
  • Bottom-up construction is a key approach for creating protocell models.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review recent advances in integrating signal transduction modules into protocells.
  • To categorize approaches for signal reception and response in artificial cells.
  • To highlight progress in developing protocell communication networks.

Main Methods:

  • Classification of signaling mechanisms into invasive biochemical signals and non-invasive physical stimuli.
  • Discussion of transducer capabilities for specific recognition (biochemical).
  • Exploration of intra-protocellular energy transduction for physical stimuli response.

Main Results:

  • Two primary categories of signal transduction in protocells identified: biochemical and physical.
  • Biochemical signaling utilizes specific transducers for targeted responses.
  • Physical signaling relies on internal energy conversion within the protocell.
  • Rudimentary protocell communication networks have been successfully established.

Conclusions:

  • Integrating signaling pathways is crucial for developing sense-response phenotypes in protocells.
  • Current approaches enable basic communication and adaptive behaviors in artificial cells.
  • Significant progress has been made in protocell communication, advancing life-like microsystems and protoliving technologies.