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Updated: Jul 31, 2025
09:20
Lumped-Parameter and Finite Element Modeling of Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction
Published on: February 13, 2021
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Advanced heart failure: from definitions to therapeutic options
Andrea Garascia1, Matteo Palazzini1, Andrea Tedeschi1
1De Gasperis Cardio Center, Ospedale Niguarda, Piazza Ospedale Maggiore 3, Milano, Italia.
Summary
Advanced heart failure (AHF) requires prompt referral to specialized facilities. This review details AHF management, including diagnosis and advanced therapies like heart transplantation (HTx) and left ventricular assist devices (LVAD).
Area of Science:
- Cardiology
- Internal Medicine
Background:
- Advanced heart failure (AHF) is a critical stage of heart failure (HF) with a poor prognosis.
- Despite medical advancements, outcomes for AHF patients remain challenging.
Purpose of the Study:
- To review the definition, prognosis, pathophysiology, and management of AHF.
- To emphasize timely referral to AHF facilities for optimal patient care.
- To describe the diagnostic and therapeutic workup in an Italian AHF hub.
Main Methods:
- Comprehensive literature review on AHF.
- Analysis of diagnostic and therapeutic protocols in an AHF hub.
- Focus on phenotypical patient characterization for advanced therapies.
Main Results:
- AHF management requires a multidisciplinary approach.
- Detailed phenotyping is crucial for selecting patients for heart transplantation (HTx) or left ventricular assist devices (LVAD).
- Timely referral significantly impacts patient outcomes.
Conclusions:
- Early identification and referral to specialized AHF centers are vital.
- Personalized phenotypical assessment guides candidacy for advanced therapies like HTx and LVAD.
- Integrated management strategies improve the prognosis for advanced heart failure patients.
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