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Related Concept Videos

Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

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Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...
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Nucleotide Excision Repair01:38

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DNA Distortion and Damage
Cells are regularly exposed to mutagens—factors in the environment that can damage DNA and generate mutations. UV radiation is one of the most common mutagens and is estimated to introduce a significant number of changes in DNA. These include bends or kinks in the structure, which can block DNA replication or transcription. If these errors are not fixed, the damage can cause mutations, which in turn can result in cancer or disease depending on which sequences are...
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Mismatch Repair01:20

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Organisms are capable of detecting and fixing nucleotide mismatches that occur during DNA replication. This sophisticated process requires identifying the new strand and replacing the erroneous bases with correct nucleotides. Mismatch repair is coordinated by many proteins in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
The Mutator Protein Family Plays a Key Role in DNA Mismatch Repair
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RNA Editing02:23

RNA Editing

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RNA editing is a post-transcriptional modification where a precursor mRNA (pre-mRNA) nucleotide sequence is changed by base insertion, deletion, or modification. The extent of RNA editing varies from a few hundred bases, in mitochondrial DNA of trypanosomes, to a just single base, in nuclear genes of mammals. Even a single base change in the pre-mRNA can convert a codon for one amino acid into the codon for another amino acid or a stop codon. This type of re-coding can significantly affect the...
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Covalently Linked Protein Regulators02:04

Covalently Linked Protein Regulators

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Proteins can undergo many types of post-translational modifications, often in response to changes in their environment. These modifications play an important role in the function and stability of these proteins. Covalently linked molecules include functional groups, such as methyl, acetyl, and phosphate groups, and also small proteins, such as ubiquitin. There are around 200 different types of covalent regulators that have been identified.
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T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Assessing Somatic Hypermutation in Ramos B Cells after Overexpression or Knockdown of Specific Genes
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RNA Modification in the Immune System.

Dali Han1,2, Meng Michelle Xu3

  • 1Key Laboratory of Genomic and Precision Medicine, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.

Annual Review of Immunology
|May 1, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Dynamic RNA modifications are crucial for immune system function. New profiling technologies help understand their roles in immune cells and the tumor microenvironment during health and disease.

Keywords:
N6-methyladenosineRNA modificationantitumor immunityantiviral immunityepitranscriptometumor microenvironment

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Epigenetics

Background:

  • RNA modifications play critical roles in regulating gene expression and cellular functions.
  • Dynamic changes in RNA modifications are essential for immune system development and proper functioning.
  • Aberrant RNA modifications are implicated in various diseases, including cancer.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review innovative RNA modification profiling technologies.
  • To explore the function of dynamic RNA modifications in immune cells in healthy and diseased states.
  • To understand how aberrant RNA modifications impact the tumor microenvironment.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current literature on RNA modification profiling techniques.
  • Analysis of studies investigating RNA modifications in immune cells.
  • Examination of research on RNA modifications in the tumor microenvironment.

Main Results:

  • RNA modification profiling technologies offer new insights into RNA biology.
  • Dynamic RNA modifications are integral to immune cell function and immune responses.
  • Aberrant RNA modifications can significantly alter the tumor immune microenvironment.

Conclusions:

  • Innovative technologies are crucial for characterizing RNA modifications.
  • Understanding RNA modifications in immune cells is vital for both basic research and therapeutic strategies.
  • Targeting RNA modifications presents a potential avenue for cancer immunotherapy.