Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps01:23

Regulation of Expression at Multiple Steps

957
The gene expression in cells is regulated at different stages: (i) transcription, (ii) RNA processing, (iii) RNA localization, and (iv) translation. Transcriptional regulation is mediated by regulatory proteins such as transcription factors, activators, or repressors—these control gene expression by initiating or inhibiting the transcription of genes. Once a precursor or pre-mRNA is produced, it undergoes post-transcriptional modification, including 5' capping, splicing, and the...
957
Translational Regulation01:29

Translational Regulation

47
Translational regulation in prokaryotes ensures efficient protein synthesis by controlling ribosome access to mRNA. This regulation is mediated by secondary RNA structures, including translational riboswitches, RNA thermometers, and small RNAs (sRNAs), which respond to intracellular and environmental signals to modulate gene expression.Translational RiboswitchesRiboswitches in the leader region of mRNAs can regulate translation by altering the accessibility of the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence,...
47
Leaky Scanning02:28

Leaky Scanning

5.2K
During most eukaryotic translation processes, the small 40S ribosome subunit scans an mRNA from its 5' end until it encounters the first start AUG codon. The large 60S ribosomal subunit then joins the smaller one to initiate protein synthesis. The location of the translation initiation is largely determined by the nucleotides near the start codon as there may be multiple translation initiation sites present on the mRNA.  Marilyn Kozak discovered that the sequence RCCAUGG (where R...
5.2K
Multi-species Conserved Sequences02:51

Multi-species Conserved Sequences

4.0K
Next-generation sequencing technologies have created large genomic databases of a variety of animals and plants. Ever since the human genome project was completed, scientists studied the genome of primates, mammals, and other phylogenetically distant living beings. Such large-scale  studies have provided new insights into the evolutionary relationship between organisms.
Although the genome of each species varies greatly from each other, a few sequences are highly conserved. Such conserved...
4.0K
Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps02:24

Regulation of Expression Occurs at Multiple Steps

22.9K
Gene expression can be regulated at almost every step from gene to protein. Transcription is the step that is most commonly regulated. This involves the binding of proteins to short regulatory sequences on the DNA. This association can either promote or inhibit the transcription of a gene associated with the respective sequence.
Transcription results in the generation of precursor (pre-mRNA) that consists of both exons and introns, which needs further processing before being translated to a...
22.9K
From DNA to Protein03:06

From DNA to Protein

18.6K
The flow of genetic information in cells from DNA to mRNA to protein is described by the central dogma, which states that genes specify the sequence of mRNAs, which in turn specify the sequence of amino acids making up all proteins. The decoding of one molecule to another is performed by specific proteins and RNAs. Because the information stored in DNA is so central to cellular function, it makes intuitive sense that the cell would make mRNA copies of this information for protein synthesis...
18.6K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Servo-Actuated 3D-Printed Disposable Microvalves for Automated, Scalable Organoid Culture in Standard Incubators.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Cloud-connected pluripotent stem cell platform enhances scientific identity in underrepresented students.

Stem cell reports·2026
Same author

SpikeLab: Agentic tools for spike data analysis.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Microfluidic Control of Dorsal-Ventral Patterning Within a Single Forebrain Organoid.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Lymphoid-Tissue-on-Chip Recapitulates Human Antibody Responses In Vitro.

Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)·2026
Same author

Establishing mouse forebrain organoids as models of intrinsic cortical network assembly.

Stem cell reports·2026
Same journal

A human-specific genetic modifier reconfigures large-scale cortical network dynamics underlying behavioral performance.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same journal

<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> uses a eukaryotic-like uridyltransferase to make UDP-GlcNAc for cell wall synthesis.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same journal

Dynamic redistribution of eIF4F controls cap-dependent translation initiation.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same journal

When does additional information improve accuracy of RNA secondary structure prediction?

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same journal

Normative brain-state trajectories reveal deviation from healthy aging in Alzheimer's disease.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same journal

Noradrenergic infraslow rhythm during sleep is the critical link between heart-rate dynamics and memory consolidation.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 31, 2025

Toeprinting Analysis of Translation Initiation Complex Formation on Mammalian mRNAs
10:37

Toeprinting Analysis of Translation Initiation Complex Formation on Mammalian mRNAs

Published on: May 10, 2018

12.6K

Isoform-specific translational control is evolutionarily conserved in primates.

Jolene M Draper, Julia Philipp, Zachary T Neeb

    Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
    |May 3, 2023
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Alternative splicing (AS) regulates gene translation by altering messenger RNA (mRNA) sequences. This study reveals how sequence variations in alternative exons influence mRNA

    More Related Videos

    Polysome Fractionation and Analysis of Mammalian Translatomes on a Genome-wide Scale
    10:56

    Polysome Fractionation and Analysis of Mammalian Translatomes on a Genome-wide Scale

    Published on: May 17, 2014

    68.7K
    In vivo Interrogation of Central Nervous System Translatome by Polyribosome Fractionation
    09:13

    In vivo Interrogation of Central Nervous System Translatome by Polyribosome Fractionation

    Published on: April 30, 2014

    12.4K

    Related Experiment Videos

    Last Updated: Jul 31, 2025

    Toeprinting Analysis of Translation Initiation Complex Formation on Mammalian mRNAs
    10:37

    Toeprinting Analysis of Translation Initiation Complex Formation on Mammalian mRNAs

    Published on: May 10, 2018

    12.6K
    Polysome Fractionation and Analysis of Mammalian Translatomes on a Genome-wide Scale
    10:56

    Polysome Fractionation and Analysis of Mammalian Translatomes on a Genome-wide Scale

    Published on: May 17, 2014

    68.7K
    In vivo Interrogation of Central Nervous System Translatome by Polyribosome Fractionation
    09:13

    In vivo Interrogation of Central Nervous System Translatome by Polyribosome Fractionation

    Published on: April 30, 2014

    12.4K

    Area of Science:

    • Molecular Biology
    • Genomics
    • Translational Control

    Background:

    • Alternative splicing (AS) diversifies the coding potential of messenger RNA (mRNA).
    • The interplay between AS and translational control (AS-TC) is crucial for cellular function.
    • Understanding the cis-acting elements governing AS-TC is essential.

    Approach:

    • Comparative transcriptomics of human, chimpanzee, and orangutan induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
    • Sequencing of both total cytosolic and polyribosome-associated mRNA to identify splicing differences.
    • Analysis of sequence conservation and variation in alternative exons and their impact on ribosome association.

    Key Points:

    • Thousands of transcripts exhibit splicing differences between subcellular fractions.
    • Conserved and species-specific polyribosome association patterns for splicing events were identified.
    • Sequence variations in exons correlate with species-specific ribosome association and translational efficiency.

    Conclusions:

    • Alternative splicing can directly regulate mRNA translation through sequence-dependent mechanisms.
    • Polymorphic sites within exons can alter RNA-binding protein motifs, impacting translation.
    • AS remodels the cis-regulatory landscape of mRNA isoforms to control translation.