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Deformation occurs in axial and transverse directions when an axial load is applied to a slender bar. This deformation impacts the cubic element within the bar, transforming it into either a rectangular parallelepiped or a rhombus, contingent on its orientation. This transformation process induces shearing strain. Axial loading elicits both shearing and normal strains. Applying an axial load instigates equal normal and shearing stresses on elements oriented at a 45° angle to the load axis.
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Unsymmetrical bending occurs when the bending moment applied to a structural member does not align with its principal axis. This misalignment leads to complex stress distributions and deflection patterns that differ from symmetrical bending, which are essential for designing structures to withstand different loading conditions.
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Supramaximal Intensity Hypoxic Exercise and Vascular Function Assessment in Mice
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Eccentric exercise 24 h prior to hypobaric decompression increases decompression strain.

Frode Gottschalk1,2, Ola Eiken3, Antonis Elia3

  • 1Division of Environmental Physiology, Swedish Aerospace Physiology Center, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden. frodeg@kth.se.

European Journal of Applied Physiology
|May 4, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Exercise-induced muscle damage, characterized by soreness and reduced strength, increases the risk of venous gas emboli formation during decompression. This finding highlights a potential risk factor for decompression sickness in individuals with recent injuries.

Keywords:
Decompression sicknessDelayed-onset muscle sorenessMuscle injuryVenous gas emboli

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Area of Science:

  • Physiology
  • Aerospace Medicine
  • Sports Medicine

Background:

  • Musculoskeletal injuries are suspected to increase decompression sickness (DCS) risk, based on animal studies.
  • Human studies investigating this link, particularly concerning exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD), are lacking.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine if EIMD, induced by eccentric exercise and marked by reduced strength and delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS), elevates venous gas emboli (VGE) formation during hypobaric exposure.
  • To investigate the human response to simulated altitude after muscle damage.

Main Methods:

  • Thirteen subjects underwent two 90-minute exposures to simulated 24,000 ft altitude while breathing oxygen.
  • EIMD was induced 24 hours prior to one exposure via 15 minutes of eccentric arm-crank exercise.
  • VGE presence and severity were assessed using cardiac ultrasound and scored with the Kisman integrated severity score (KISS).

Main Results:

  • Eccentric exercise successfully induced DOMS and reduced biceps brachii strength.
  • The mean KISS score significantly increased at simulated altitude, both at rest and after arm flexions, in subjects with EIMD.
  • This indicates a greater VGE formation following decompression after muscle damage.

Conclusions:

  • Exercise-induced muscle damage provokes the release of venous gas emboli during acute decompression.
  • This suggests that recent muscle injury may be a risk factor for DCS in humans.