Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Proton (¹H) NMR: Chemical Shift01:07

Proton (¹H) NMR: Chemical Shift

1.8K
Organic molecules primarily contain carbon and hydrogen atoms. While all the hydrogen isotopes are NMR-active, protium or hydrogen-1 is the most abundant. It has a significant energy separation between its nuclear spin states due to its large gyromagnetic ratio. As per Boltzmann's distribution, an increase in the energy separation implies a greater excess population of nuclei available for excitation, resulting in a strong NMR absorption signal.
Absorption signals of all the protium nuclei...
1.8K
Labeling DNA Probes03:31

Labeling DNA Probes

8.2K
DNA probes are fragments of DNA labeled with a reporter tag to enable their detection or purification. The resulting labeled DNA probes can then hybridize to target nucleic acid sequences through complementary base-pairing, and may be used to recover or identify these regions.
Radioisotopes, fluorophores, or small molecule binding partners like biotin or digoxigenin, are the most widely used reporter tags for labeling DNA probes. These labels can be attached to the probe DNA molecule via...
8.2K
Gene Conversion02:08

Gene Conversion

9.8K
Other than maintaining genome stability via DNA repair, homologous recombination plays an important role in diversifying the genome. In fact, the recombination of sequences forms the molecular basis of genomic evolution. Random and non-random permutations of genomic sequences create a library of new amalgamated sequences. These newly formed genomes can determine the fitness and survival of cells. In bacteria, homologous and non-homologous types of recombination lead to the evolution of new...
9.8K
¹H NMR: Complex Splitting01:13

¹H NMR: Complex Splitting

1.3K
A proton M that is coupled to a proton X results in doublet signals for M. However, NMR-active nuclei can be simultaneously coupled to more than one nonequivalent nucleus. When M is coupled to a second proton A, such as in styrene oxide, each peak in the doublet is split into another doublet.
Splitting diagrams or splitting tree diagrams are routinely used to depict such complex couplings. While drawing splitting diagrams, the splitting with the larger coupling constant is usually applied...
1.3K
DNA Topoisomerases02:02

DNA Topoisomerases

31.5K
Topoisomerases are enzymes that relax overwound DNA molecules during various cell processes, including DNA replication and transcription. These enzymes regulate positive and negative DNA supercoiling without changing the nucleotide sequence. DNA overwinding in a clockwise direction results in positively supercoiled DNA, whereas underwinding in a counterclockwise direction produces negatively supercoiled DNA.
Types and Mechanism of action
Topoisomerases are divided into two main types. ...
31.5K
¹H NMR of Labile Protons: Temporal Resolution01:10

¹H NMR of Labile Protons: Temporal Resolution

1.2K
Protons bonded to heteroatoms such as nitrogen and oxygen exhibit a range of chemical shift values. This is due to the varying degree of hydrogen bonding between the proton and the heteroatom in other molecules. The extent of hydrogen bonding affects the electron density around the proton, thereby giving different chemical shift values for the protons in the proton NMR spectrum.
The –OH proton in alcohols typically appears in the range of δ 2 to 5 ppm but can vary depending on the specific...
1.2K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

The Hidden Routes of DNA Photostability: Charge and Proton Transfer in Excited Cytosine-Guanine Tetramers.

The journal of physical chemistry letters·2026
Same author

Understanding water behaviour on 2D material interfaces through single-molecule motion on h-BN and graphene.

Nature communications·2025
Same author

Nanoscale motion of organic π-conjugated molecules: exploring van der Waals forces, friction, and quantum effects.

Nanoscale horizons·2025
Same author

Proton transfer in methylated G-C: nuclear quantum effects and water-assisted hopping.

Physical chemistry chemical physics : PCCP·2025
Same author

Computational Insight into the Intercalating Properties of Cryptolepine.

ACS omega·2025
Same author

First-Principles Simulation of Anharmonic and Anisotropic Vibrations of Glycinate on Copper.

ACS omega·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 31, 2025

Isotopic Effect in Double Proton Transfer Process of Porphycene Investigated by Enhanced QM/MM Method
05:51

Isotopic Effect in Double Proton Transfer Process of Porphycene Investigated by Enhanced QM/MM Method

Published on: July 19, 2019

6.3K

How proton transfer impacts hachimoji DNA.

Harry Warman1, Louie Slocombe2, Marco Sacchi2

  • 1School of Physics and Maths, University of Surrey Guildford GU2 7XH UK.

RSC Advances
|May 5, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Hachimoji DNA, a synthetic nucleic acid, shows a higher probability of proton transfer between its bases than standard DNA. This suggests hachimoji DNA may have a greater mutation rate due to increased base mispairing during replication.

More Related Videos

Genome-wide Analysis of Histone Modifications Distribution using the Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Sequencing Method in Magnaporthe oryzae
09:25

Genome-wide Analysis of Histone Modifications Distribution using the Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Sequencing Method in Magnaporthe oryzae

Published on: June 2, 2021

2.9K
Simultaneous Mapping and Quantitation of Ribonucleotides in Human Mitochondrial DNA
12:35

Simultaneous Mapping and Quantitation of Ribonucleotides in Human Mitochondrial DNA

Published on: November 14, 2017

9.5K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 31, 2025

Isotopic Effect in Double Proton Transfer Process of Porphycene Investigated by Enhanced QM/MM Method
05:51

Isotopic Effect in Double Proton Transfer Process of Porphycene Investigated by Enhanced QM/MM Method

Published on: July 19, 2019

6.3K
Genome-wide Analysis of Histone Modifications Distribution using the Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Sequencing Method in Magnaporthe oryzae
09:25

Genome-wide Analysis of Histone Modifications Distribution using the Chromatin Immunoprecipitation Sequencing Method in Magnaporthe oryzae

Published on: June 2, 2021

2.9K
Simultaneous Mapping and Quantitation of Ribonucleotides in Human Mitochondrial DNA
12:35

Simultaneous Mapping and Quantitation of Ribonucleotides in Human Mitochondrial DNA

Published on: November 14, 2017

9.5K

Area of Science:

  • Synthetic biology
  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular biology

Background:

  • Hachimoji DNA is a synthetic nucleic acid extension of DNA, incorporating four additional bases (Z, P, S, B).
  • These synthetic bases can encode information and undergo Darwinian evolution.
  • Understanding the stability and replication fidelity of hachimoji DNA is crucial for its potential applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the properties of hachimoji DNA, specifically the probability of proton transfer between its bases.
  • To determine if proton transfer leads to base mismatch during replication.
  • To compare the proton transfer dynamics in hachimoji DNA with canonical DNA.

Main Methods:

  • Presented a proton transfer mechanism for hachimoji DNA, building on Löwdin's prior work.
  • Employed density functional theory (DFT) to calculate proton transfer rates, tunneling factors, and kinetic isotope effects.
  • Analyzed the energy barriers for proton transfer in hachimoji DNA base pairs (Z-P, S-B) and compared them to Watson-Crick pairs (G-C, A-T).

Main Results:

  • Proton transfer barriers in hachimoji DNA are sufficiently low to occur at biological temperatures.
  • Proton transfer rates in hachimoji DNA are significantly faster than in Watson-Crick DNA.
  • The energy barriers for Z-P and S-B base pairs are approximately 30% lower than for G-C and A-T pairs, indicating higher instability.

Conclusions:

  • Proton transfer is likely to occur more frequently in hachimoji DNA than in canonical DNA.
  • The increased frequency of proton transfer suggests a potentially higher mutation rate in hachimoji DNA.
  • These findings have implications for the stability and evolutionary potential of synthetic genetic systems.