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De-identified Bayesian personal identity matching for privacy-preserving record linkage despite errors: development

Rudolf N Cardinal1,2, Anna Moore3,4, Martin Burchell3

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Summary

This study introduces a Bayesian matching technique for de-identified data linkage in epidemiological research. High accuracy is achieved without unique person identifiers, enabling secure data sharing.

Keywords:
Bayesian probabilistic linkageDe-identificationElectronic health recordsElectronic patient recordsElectronic medical recordsIdentity matchingMental healthOpen-source softwarePrivacy-preserving record linkagePseudonymisationPsychiatry

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Area of Science:

  • Health Informatics
  • Epidemiology
  • Biostatistics

Background:

  • Epidemiological research necessitates linking data from multiple organizations.
  • Challenges include information governance for linkage without sharing identifiers and linking databases lacking common unique person identifiers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a Bayesian matching technique for de-identified probabilistic and deterministic data linkage.
  • To provide an open-source software implementation for this technique.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a Bayesian matching technique using fuzzy representations and handling complete mismatches.
  • Implemented an open-source software supporting dates of birth, names, gender, and postcodes.
  • Validated the technique on UK National Health Service (NHS) medical records, analyzing decision thresholds and demographic associations.

Main Results:

  • Achieved high accuracy in de-identified data linkage, with an area under the receiver operating curve of 0.997-0.999.
  • Reported a mean probability of correct linkage at 0.965 and a misidentification rate of 0.00249.
  • Identified demographic factors (gender, ethnicity, diagnostic codes) associated with linkage accuracy.

Conclusions:

  • Fully de-identified data matching with high accuracy is feasible without person-unique identifiers.
  • Freely available software facilitates secure and efficient data linkage for epidemiological studies.