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Updated: Jul 31, 2025
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Author Spotlight: Enhancing Engineering Education via WebVR-Based Online Laboratories
Published on: February 23, 2024
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Validation of Andrews Analysis in the Virtual Environment.
Chad Dammling1, Kathlyn Powell2, Tanner Repasky3
1Resident-in-training, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Dentistry, Birmingham, AL.
Summary
Computer-aided surgical simulation (CASS) accurately evaluates the Andrews analysis for determining maxillary position. This virtual method streamlines data collection and surgical planning in orthognathic surgery.
Area of Science:
- Orthodontics and Dentofacial Surgery
- Medical Imaging and Computer-Aided Surgery
Background:
- The Andrews analysis is a standard method for assessing the anteroposterior position of the maxilla.
- This analysis has not been previously validated using computer-aided surgical simulation (CASS).
Purpose of the Study:
- To evaluate the accuracy of the Andrews profile analysis when conducted in a virtual environment using CASS.
Main Methods:
- A retrospective cohort study analyzed patients undergoing orthognathic surgery.
- Traditional Andrews analysis was performed on lateral smiling photographs, and measurements were compared with those obtained from 3D models generated via CASS using cone-beam CT data.
- A blinded software engineer performed the virtual analysis on 3D models.
Main Results:
- The mean incisor-goal anterior limit line distance showed no significant difference between photographic (-0.44 mm) and virtual (-0.13 mm) analyses.
- A very strong Pearson correlation coefficient (0.93) was found between the photographic and 3D analyses.
- The root mean square deviation between the two methods was 2.7 mm.
Conclusions:
- Computer-aided surgical simulation (CASS) provides accurate measurements for the Andrews analysis.
- Utilizing CASS for Andrews analysis can enhance efficiency in data collection and surgical planning for orthognathic procedures.
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