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Characterization of Electrode Materials for Lithium Ion and Sodium Ion Batteries Using Synchrotron Radiation Techniques

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Published on: November 11, 2013

Ultrahigh-Loading Manganese-Based Electrodes for Aqueous Batteries via Polymorph Tuning.

Xin Xiao¹, Zewen Zhang¹, Yecun Wu²

¹Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.

Advanced Materials (Deerfield Beach, Fla.)

|May 6, 2023

Summary

Increasing temperature enhances manganese dioxide (MnO2) conductivity in aqueous batteries, enabling ultrahigh areal loading for grid-scale energy storage. This breakthrough significantly boosts performance and cycle life.

Keywords:

MnO2 polymorph aqueous battery electronic conductivity gamma-MnO2 grid-scale energy storage

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Non-aqueous Electrode Processing and Construction of Lithium-ion Coin Cells

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Area of Science:

Electrochemistry
Materials Science
Energy Storage

Background:

Manganese-based aqueous batteries offer safe, low-cost grid-scale energy storage.
Low conductivity of deposited manganese dioxide (MnO2) limits areal loading and performance.
Current areal loading in MnO2 batteries is typically 0.005-0.05 mAh cm⁻².

Purpose of the Study:

Investigate electrochemical performance of MnO2 polymorphs in Mn2+/MnO2 redox reactions.
Identify strategies to overcome conductivity limitations in MnO2 electrodes.
Achieve ultrahigh areal loading for improved energy storage capacity.

Main Methods:

Electrochemical performance testing of various MnO2 polymorphs.
Phase analysis of electrochemically deposited MnO2 at different temperatures.
Electrode fabrication and cycling at elevated temperatures (50°C).

Main Results:

Epsilon-MnO2 (ɛ-MnO2) with low conductivity is the primary phase deposited in acidic electrolytes.
Increasing temperature shifts deposition to gamma-MnO2 (γ-MnO2), improving conductivity by two orders of magnitude.
Achieved normalized areal loading of 33 mAh cm⁻² with γ-MnO2.
Demonstrated ultrahigh areal loading of 20 mAh cm⁻² at 50°C with only 13% capacity loss over 200 cycles.

Conclusions:

Temperature-dependent phase transformation is key to enhancing MnO2 conductivity.
Highly conductive γ-MnO2 enables significantly higher areal loading in aqueous batteries.
This approach offers a promising pathway for advanced grid-scale energy storage solutions.