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Updated: Jul 31, 2025

MRI-guided dmPFC-rTMS as a Treatment for Treatment-resistant Major Depressive Disorder
Published on: August 11, 2015
Special Populations: Treatment-Resistant Depression in Children and Adolescents
Emine Rabia Ayvaci1, Paul E Croarkin2
1Department of Psychiatry, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 6300 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 75235, USA. Electronic address: https://twitter.com/AyvaciRabia.
Abstract:
Major depressive disorder is a substantial public health challenge impacting at least 3 million adolescents annually in the United States. Depressive symptoms do not improve in approximately 30% of adolescents who receive evidence-based treatments. Treatment-resistant depression in adolescents is broadly defined as a depressive disorder that does not respond to a 2-month course of an antidepressant medication at a dose equivalent of 40 mg of fluoxetine daily or 8 to 16 sessions of a cognitive behavioral or interpersonal therapy. This article reviews historical work, recent literature on classification, current evidence-based approaches, and emerging interventional research.
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