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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 31, 2025

Portable Intermodal Preferential Looking IPL: Investigating Language Comprehension in Typically Developing Toddlers and Young Children with Autism
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T-PALS framework to assess children who stutter with coexisting disorders: A tutorial.

Lesley Wolk1, Lisa LaSalle2

  • 1University of Redlands, USA.

Journal of Fluency Disorders
|May 7, 2023
PubMed
Summary

This tutorial introduces T-PALS, a new diagnostic framework for assessing children with stuttering and co-existing disorders. T-PALS offers a holistic approach to identify key elements beyond just stuttering for better treatment planning.

Keywords:
ArticulationAssessment frameworkCo-existing disordersDiagnostic guidelinesLanguage skillsPragmaticsStutteringTemperamentTutorial

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Area of Science:

  • Speech-Language Pathology
  • Child Psychology
  • Developmental Pediatrics

Background:

  • Children who stutter often present with co-existing developmental disorders, complicating assessment.
  • Existing treatment guidelines for these children lack specific assessment protocols.
  • A comprehensive diagnostic approach is needed to address the multifaceted needs of dual-diagnosis children.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a tutorial on the T-PALS diagnostic framework for assessing children who stutter and have comorbid conditions.
  • To provide a rationale for T-PALS based on existing literature.
  • To offer a structured approach for clinicians and researchers working with this population.

Main Methods:

  • Development of the T-PALS framework, assessing Temperament (T), Pragmatics (P), Articulation/Phonology (A), Language (L), and Stuttering (S).
  • Integration of both qualitative and quantitative measures within each of the five key elements.
  • Application of the framework to two clinical case examples, including observation data and treatment suggestions.

Main Results:

  • The T-PALS framework provides a structured method for evaluating children with stuttering and comorbid disorders.
  • Case examples illustrate the practical application of T-PALS, demonstrating its utility in generating diagnostic insights.
  • The framework facilitates the collection of observation data and informs treatment planning.

Conclusions:

  • T-PALS offers a valuable and integrative framework for assessing children with stuttering and co-occurring conditions.
  • The framework encourages clinicians to adopt a broader perspective beyond solely focusing on stuttering.
  • A holistic diagnostic picture derived from T-PALS can lead to more effective and individualized treatment goals.