Zinc oxide nanoparticles trigger autophagy-mediated cell death through activating lysosomal TRPML1 in normal kidney...

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) have been widely used in various materials including sunscreens, cosmetics, over-the-counter topical skin products, and pigments. As traces of the used ZnO NPs have been found in the kidney, it is crucial to uncover their potential risks. The aim of this study is to elucidate detrimental effects of ZnO NPs and the molecular mechanism behind their renal toxicity. Cytotoxic effects were measured by MTT assay after HK2 cells were exposed to ZnO NPs for 24 h and IC₅₀ value was determined. ROS and intracellular Zn²⁺ levels were detected by flow cytometry, and localization of Zn²⁺ and lysosome was determined by confocal microscopy. Occurrence of autophagy and detection of autophagic flux were determined by Western blot and confocal microscopy, respectively. We performed unpaired student t test for two groups, and one-way ANOVA with Tukey's post hoc for over three groups. ZnO NPs induced cell death in human renal proximal tubule epithelial cells, HK2. Cytosolic Zn²⁺ caused autophagy-mediated cell death rather than apoptosis. Cytosolic Zn²⁺ processed in lysosome was released by TRPML1, and inhibition of TRPML1 significantly decreased autophagic flux and cell death. The findings of this study suggest that ZnO NPs strongly induce autophagy-mediated cell death in human kidney cells. Controlling TRPML1 can be potentially used to prevent the kidney from ZnO NPs-induced toxicity.