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    Area of Science:

    • Remote Sensing
    • Atmospheric Science
    • Oceanography

    Background:

    • Atmospheric correction is crucial for satellite ocean color remote sensing.
    • Existing algorithms often neglect Earth's curvature effects, impacting accuracy at large solar/viewing zenith angles.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To develop and validate a vector radiative transfer model incorporating Earth curvature for improved atmospheric correction.
    • To quantify the impact of Earth curvature on satellite observations under specific geometric conditions.

    Main Methods:

    • Developed a Monte Carlo-based vector radiative transfer model using spherical shell atmosphere geometry (SSA-MC model).
    • Validated the SSA-MC model against established models (Adams&Kattawar, Korkin's models, PCOART-SA) and SeaDAS look-up tables.
    • Analyzed the effects of Earth curvature on Rayleigh scattering radiance.

    Main Results:

    • The SSA-MC model showed high agreement with existing models, with relative differences mostly below 2%, even at high solar zenith angles (up to 84.26°).
    • Earth curvature introduces a mean relative error of 4.63% at high solar (84°) and viewing (84.02°) zenith angles.
    • The error due to neglecting Earth curvature increases with larger zenith angles.

    Conclusions:

    • Earth curvature significantly impacts satellite observations, especially at large solar and viewing zenith angles.
    • The developed SSA-MC model provides a more accurate approach for atmospheric correction under these conditions.
    • Incorporating Earth curvature effects is essential for precise ocean color remote sensing.