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Caldera collapse thresholds correlate with magma chamber dimensions.

Nobuo Geshi1, Isoji Miyagi2, Genji Saito2

  • 1Research Institute of Earthquake and Volcano Geology, Geological Survey of Japan, AIST, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, AIST Site 7, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8567, Japan. geshi-nob@aist.go.jp.

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Caldera collapse thresholds depend on magma chamber depth. Deeper chambers require greater pressure loss for collapse, explaining eruption variations at Aira and Kikai calderas.

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Area of Science:

  • Volcanology
  • Geophysics
  • Earth Sciences

Background:

  • Explosive caldera-forming eruptions involve gravitational collapse of magma chamber roofs.
  • Caldera collapse is linked to magma chamber decompression, but specific thresholds remain untested.
  • Understanding these thresholds is crucial for predicting eruption dynamics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate magma chamber decompression processes leading to caldera collapse.
  • To test decompression thresholds using natural examples from Aira and Kikai calderas.
  • To correlate magma chamber depth with underpressure required for collapse.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of water content in phenocryst glass embayments to assess magmatic underpressure.
  • Development of friction models for caldera faults to determine collapse thresholds.
  • Comparison of decompression processes between Aira and Kikai caldera systems.

Main Results:

  • Aira caldera experienced significant magmatic underpressure before collapse; Kikai experienced less.
  • Caldera collapse underpressure is proportional to the square of the magma chamber depth.
  • The deeper magma system at Aira required greater underpressure than the shallower Kikai system.

Conclusions:

  • Distinct magma chamber underpressure thresholds influence caldera-forming eruption evolution.
  • Magma chamber depth is a key factor controlling the magnitude of underpressure for collapse.
  • These findings help explain variations in eruption sequences and ignimbrite formation.