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Updated: Jul 31, 2025

Stimulated Stokes and Antistokes Raman Scattering in Microspherical Whispering Gallery Mode Resonators
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Morphology-dependent resonance induced optical forces in a multiple-sphere system.

Huanhuan Wang, Zhenyu Han, Lei Zhang

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    Whispering gallery modes (WGMs) in multiple spheres create resonant optical forces. These forces can be attractive or repulsive, with specific modes enabling forward light propagation and movement against light direction.

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    Area of Science:

    • Optics
    • Photonics
    • Condensed Matter Physics

    Background:

    • Whispering gallery modes (WGMs) enhance optical fields and forces on microparticles.
    • Coherent coupling of WGMs in multiple-sphere systems leads to morphology-dependent resonances (MDRs).

    Purpose of the Study:

    • Investigate MDRs and resonant optical forces in multiple-sphere systems.
    • Analyze the behavior of bonding and antibonding modes and their associated optical forces.
    • Explore the role of PT-symmetry in sustaining MDRs and generating optical forces.

    Main Methods:

    • Solving the scattering problem using generalized Mie theory.
    • Analyzing the coherent coupling of WGMs in multi-sphere configurations.
    • Investigating PT-symmetric systems with varying imaginary parts of the refractive index.

    Main Results:

    • Bonding and antibonding MDR modes emerge with attractive and repulsive forces, respectively, as spheres approach.
    • The antibonding mode facilitates forward light propagation, while the bonding mode shows rapid field decay.
    • PT-symmetric systems require a small imaginary refractive index for MDR persistence and can generate significant pulling forces, enabling motion against light propagation.

    Conclusions:

    • Collective resonance behavior in multiple spheres is better understood.
    • Potential applications include particle transportation, non-Hermitian optics, and integrated optical devices.