Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jul 30, 2025
11:17
Extinction Training During the Reconsolidation Window Prevents Recovery of Fear
Published on: August 24, 2012
35.5K
Preconditioning the 2023 Kahramanmaraş (Türkiye) earthquake disaster.
Ekbal Hussain1, Sibel Kalaycıoğlu2, Christopher W D Milliner3
1British Geological Survey, Nicker Hill, Keyworth, UK.
Nature Reviews. Earth & Environment
|May 11, 2023
Summary
The 2023 Kahramanmaraş earthquakes, on known high-hazard faults, caused devastation due to inadequate risk assessment. Factors like poverty and corruption exacerbated seismic vulnerability, turning earthquake risk into a tragic disaster.
Area of Science:
- Earthquake science
- Disaster risk reduction
- Seismology
Background:
- The 2023 Kahramanmaraş earthquakes occurred in a region with known high seismic hazard.
- Despite the known risks, the devastating impacts indicate inadequate consideration of earthquake risk.
Purpose of the Study:
- To analyze the factors contributing to the amplification of earthquake risk into a disaster.
- To understand the role of vulnerability, corruption, and poverty in seismic unpreparedness.
Main Methods:
- Qualitative analysis of the 2023 Kahramanmaraş earthquake impacts.
- Assessment of pre-existing vulnerabilities and preparedness levels.
- Examination of socioeconomic factors influencing disaster outcomes.
Main Results:
- Active faults known for high seismic hazard were involved in the 2023 Kahramanmaraş earthquakes.
- Inadequate risk consideration amplified the seismic hazard into a devastating disaster.
- Vulnerabilities linked to exposure, corruption, and poverty significantly reduced seismic preparedness.
Conclusions:
- The 2023 Kahramanmaraş earthquakes highlight a critical gap between known seismic hazard and disaster risk management.
- Addressing socioeconomic vulnerabilities and corruption is crucial for effective seismic preparedness.
- Future disaster risk reduction strategies must integrate comprehensive vulnerability assessments.
Related Concept Videos
01:29Preplaced Aggregate Concrete
120
Preplaced aggregate concrete is ideal for construction environments that are not easily accessible. The process begins by properly wetting the gap-graded coarse aggregates to remove the dirt, then placing it in the form and compacting it. Voids are filled with a mortar mix pumped under pressure through slotted pipes. This mortar typically consists of Portland cement, pozzolan, fine aggregates, water, and a fluidizing aid. The pozzolan helps reduce bleeding and segregation while improving the...
120
01:27Cold Weather Concreting
99
When freshly poured concrete is exposed to freezing temperatures before it has set, the water within the concrete can freeze. This expansion disrupts the setting process, delays chemical reactions necessary for hardening, and increases the volume of pores within the hardened concrete, which weakens its overall structure. If the concrete manages to reach an appreciable strength before it freezes, the damage can be somewhat mitigated.
To counteract the negative impacts of cold weather, ensuring...
To counteract the negative impacts of cold weather, ensuring...
99
01:29Applications of GIS: Disaster Management and Emergency Response
119
Geographic Information System (GIS) technology is essential for risk identification, action prioritization, and resource optimization in critical situations like flooding and earthquakes. By integrating spatial and demographic data, GIS provides a comprehensive framework for emergency response.GIS integrates data layers, like rainfall intensity, topography, elevation profiles, and river levels, to model high-risk flood zones. These layers assess areas susceptible to flooding based on their...
119
01:21Masonry in Cold and Hot Weather Conditions
117
In cold weather, masonry construction requires specific precautions to ensure mortar does not freeze before curing, as this can significantly weaken its strength and watertightness. Mortar temperature should be maintained between 60°F and 80°F to support proper hydration and curing. Below 40°F, mortar water must be heated, but should not exceed 120°F as high temperatures can reduce mortar's compressive and bond strength.
Other key practices include keeping masonry units...
Other key practices include keeping masonry units...
117
01:09Preparedness and Phobias
132
Human fear responses to certain stimuli, such as darkness, heights, deep water, and blood, can often arise despite the absence of direct negative experiences. This phenomenon is rooted in evolutionary psychology, which posits that humans have developed a predisposition to fear stimuli that historically posed significant survival threats. This predisposition, known as preparedness, suggests that early humans who developed a fear of potentially dangerous entities, such as venomous snakes and...
132
01:17Design Example: Analyzing Capacity Contours for Flood Risk Assessment
80
Flood risk assessment involves careful planning and analysis to ensure the safety of communities near water retention structures. Capacity contours are a vital tool in this process, as they illustrate the potential spread of water at specific levels in a given area. In the context of building a bund across a small valley, these contours play a critical role in evaluating the safety of nearby residential areas.In this example, the bund is intended to store stormwater in the valley. The engineers...
80