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Rous Sarcoma Virus (RSV) and Cancer01:03

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The Ras-gene-encoded proteins are regulators of signaling pathways controlling cell proliferation, differentiation, or cell survival. The Ras-gene family in humans constitutes three primary members—the HRas, NRas, and KRas. These genes code for four functionally distinct yet closely related proteins—the HRas, NRas, KRas4A, and KRas4B. The involvement of mutant Ras genes in human cancer was first discovered in 1982 and is among the most common causes of human tumorigenesis.
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lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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Under normal conditions, most adult cells remain in a non-proliferative state unless stimulated by internal or external factors to replace lost cells. Abnormal cell proliferation is a condition in which the cell's growth exceeds and is uncoordinated with normal cells. In such situations, cell division persists in the same excessive manner even after cessation of the stimuli, leading to persistent tumors. The tumor arises from the damaged cells that replicate to pass the damage to the...
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The mammalian target of rapamycin or mTOR protein was discovered in 1994 due to its direct interaction with rapamycin. The protein gets its name from a yeast homolog called TOR. The mTOR protein complex in mammalian cells plays a major role in balancing anabolic processes such as the synthesis of proteins, lipids, and nucleotides and catabolic processes, such as autophagy in response to environmental cues, such as availability of nutrients and growth factors.
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Genes usually encode proteins necessary for the proper functioning of a healthy cell. Mutations can often cause changes to the gene expression pattern, thereby altering the phenotype.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 30, 2025

Identification of Circular RNAs using RNA Sequencing
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Identification of Circular RNAs using RNA Sequencing

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Circular RNAs with protein-coding ability in oncogenesis.

Jiahui Cheng1, Guangyue Li1, Wenmeng Wang1

  • 1College of Life Science, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.

Biochimica Et Biophysica Acta. Reviews on Cancer
|May 12, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Circular RNAs (circRNAs), once thought non-coding, can now be shown to encode proteins. This review details cancer-relevant protein-coding circRNAs, their functions, and clinical relevance.

Keywords:
BacksplicingOncogenesisPolypeptidesTranslation initiationcircRNAs

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Last Updated: Jul 30, 2025

Identification of Circular RNAs using RNA Sequencing
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In Silico Identification and Characterization of circRNAs During Host-Pathogen Interactions
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In Silico Identification and Characterization of circRNAs During Host-Pathogen Interactions

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are eukaryotic transcripts lacking 5' and 3' ends.
  • Initially classified as non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), their role in microRNA sponging is well-documented.
  • Recent findings reveal circRNAs can encode functional polypeptides.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the biogenesis of protein-coding circRNAs.
  • To discuss regulatory mechanisms and aberrant expression of circRNAs in cancer.
  • To provide a comprehensive overview of circRNA-encoded proteins and their functions.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of existing studies on protein-coding circRNAs.
  • Analysis of circRNA biogenesis and translation initiation mechanisms (IRESs, m6A).
  • Compilation of data on cancer-relevant circRNAs, their products, and clinical significance.

Main Results:

  • Evidence supports circRNAs encoding polypeptides via internal ribosomal entry sites (IRESs) or m6A modification.
  • Numerous cancer-relevant protein-coding circRNAs have been identified.
  • These circRNAs exhibit diverse biological phenotypes and clinical relevance.

Conclusions:

  • Protein-coding circRNAs represent a significant advancement in understanding RNA function.
  • Further research into circRNA-encoded proteins is crucial for understanding cancer biology.
  • circRNAs hold potential as diagnostic and therapeutic targets in oncology.