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Related Concept Videos

Pore Size Distribution01:23

Pore Size Distribution

174
In concrete, the pore size distribution significantly influences the material's properties. Capillary pores, markedly larger than gel pores, form a vast network within partially hydrated cement paste, reducing the concrete's strength and increasing its permeability. This heightened permeability leads to a greater risk of damage from environmental factors like freeze-thaw cycles and chemical attacks, with the extent of vulnerability also being tied to the water-to-cement ratio.
Adequate...
174
Fineness of Cement01:15

Fineness of Cement

166
The fineness of cement directly influences the rate of hydration, as the hydration begins at the surface of the cement particles. In addition to hydration, the fineness of cement is vital for various properties of concrete including workability, gypsum requirement, and long-term behavior. The fineness of cement is represented in terms of the specific surface of cement which is typically measured in square meters per kilogram, with several methods available for this determination.
Direct...
166
Types of Cement II01:22

Types of Cement II

141
Portland blast-furnace cement is made by blending Portland cement clinker with granulated blast-furnace slag, which accounts for 25 to 65 percent of the cement's weight. Despite its similarities to ordinary Portland (Type I) cement in terms of fineness and setting times, its early strength is lower, though it achieves comparable strength later on. It's particularly suited for mass concrete structures and marine environments due to its lower heat of hydration and superior sulfate...
141
Hydration of Cement01:24

Hydration of Cement

304
Hydration of cement is a chemical reaction between cement particles and water. This process occurs primarily through two mechanisms: through-solution and topochemical. In the through-solution process, anhydrous compounds dissolve into their constituents, hydrates form in the solution, and then precipitate from the supersaturated solution. The topochemical process involves solid-state reactions at the cement particle surface. The through-solution process dominates the topochemical process at the...
304
Strength and Heat of Hydration01:29

Strength and Heat of Hydration

282
The hydration of cement is an exothermic reaction in which heat is generated as cement hydrates. This heat of hydration is critical to cement's strength development. The rate at which this heat is generated affects the temperature rise, with a majority of the heat being released early in the hydration process, half within the first three days, and about 75% within the first week.
The heat of hydration for each cement compound is significant; for instance, tricalcium aluminate (C3A) and...
282
Solubility Equilibria03:07

Solubility Equilibria

52.9K
Solubility equilibria are established when the dissolution and precipitation of a solute species occur at equal rates. These equilibria underlie many natural and technological processes, ranging from tooth decay to water purification. An understanding of the factors affecting compound solubility is, therefore, essential to the effective management of these processes. This section applies previously introduced equilibrium concepts and tools to systems involving dissolution and precipitation.
The...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 30, 2025

Detecting the Water-soluble Chloride Distribution of Cement Paste in a High-precision Way
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Detecting the Water-soluble Chloride Distribution of Cement Paste in a High-precision Way

Published on: November 21, 2017

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Understanding Chloride Diffusion Coefficient in Cementitious Materials.

Zhiyuan Xu1, Guang Ye1

  • 1Section of Materials and Environment (Microlab), Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)
|May 13, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Chloride diffusion in concrete is complex. This study clarifies the chloride diffusion coefficient, highlighting misunderstandings that overestimate concrete

Keywords:
cementitious materialschloride transportdiffusion coefficientnatural diffusion test

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Dynamic Electrochemical Measurement of Chloride Ions
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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Civil Engineering
  • Corrosion Science

Background:

  • Chloride-induced rebar corrosion is a major threat to reinforced concrete durability.
  • Chloride ion diffusion is the primary mechanism for chloride ingress into cementitious materials.
  • Accurate determination of the chloride diffusion coefficient is crucial for service life prediction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To clarify the definition and understanding of the chloride diffusion coefficient in cementitious materials.
  • To identify and explain factors influencing diffusive flux and the distinction between effective and apparent diffusion coefficients.
  • To review common diffusion test methods and highlight potential errors in determining diffusion coefficients.

Main Methods:

  • Presentation of steady- and non-steady-state diffusion equations for cementitious materials.
  • Identification and analysis of factors affecting diffusive flux.
  • Explanation and definition of effective and apparent diffusion coefficients.
  • Discussion of two natural diffusion test methods for measuring chloride diffusion coefficients.
  • Review of diffusion coefficients from existing studies and analysis of numerical determination errors.

Main Results:

  • The literature often misunderstands or misapplies the chloride diffusion coefficient, leading to overestimated chloride resistance.
  • Obscure definitions of the effective diffusion coefficient exist due to the consideration of varied influencing factors.
  • Three typical errors can occur during the numerical determination of diffusion coefficients.

Conclusions:

  • Clarifying the chloride diffusion coefficient is essential to accurately assess the durability and service life of concrete structures.
  • A precise understanding of effective and apparent diffusion coefficients is needed to avoid misinterpretations.
  • Awareness of potential errors in diffusion coefficient determination is critical for reliable material performance evaluation.