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Related Concept Videos

IR Spectrometers01:25

IR Spectrometers

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There are two main infrared (IR) spectrophotometers: dispersive IR spectrometers and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers. In a dispersive IR spectrometer, a beam of infrared radiation produced by a hot wire is divided into two parallel equal-intensity beams using mirrors. One beam passes through the sample, while another is a reference beam. The beams then move through the monochromator, which separates the radiations into a continuous spectrum of different frequencies. The...
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Applications of IR Spectroscopy: Overview01:11

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The non-destructive nature and ability to provide valuable chemical information make IR spectroscopy a versatile technique with broad applications in various scientific and industrial fields. IR spectroscopy is commonly used to identify and characterize organic and inorganic compounds. It provides information about the functional groups present in a molecule and the bonding between atoms. This helps in the structural elucidation of compounds during organic synthesis, pharmaceutical research,...
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When electromagnetic radiation passes through a material, atoms or molecules transition from a lower to a higher energy state by absorbing radiation corresponding to the energy difference between the two states. The absorption of infrared (IR) radiation causes transitions between vibrational energy levels in a molecule. Therefore, IR spectroscopy is a useful analytical tool for determining the molecular structure of molecules.
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Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy01:05

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Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy or TIRF is an advanced microscopic technique used to visualize fluorophores in samples close to a solid surface with a higher refractive index, such as a glass coverslip. TIRF only allows fluorophores in proximity to the solid surface to be excited. When light from a medium with a lower refractive index (such as air) hits the glass coverslip at a critical angle, the light undergoes total internal reflection stead of passing through the glass.
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Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) Infrared Spectroscopy: Overview01:13

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Attenuated total reflectance (ATR) infrared spectroscopy is a powerful analytical technique used to study the composition of materials. It is widely employed in chemistry, materials science, forensic science, and other fields where sample characterization is required. ATR has several advantages over traditional transmission IR spectroscopy, including the requirement of little to no sample preparation and the ability to analyze a wide range of samples.
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Overview of Microscopy Techniques01:22

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The early pioneers of microscopy opened a window into the invisible world of microorganisms. In 1830, Joseph Jackson Lister created an essentially modern light microscope. The 20th century saw the development of microscopes that leveraged nonvisible light, such as fluorescence microscopy that uses an ultraviolet light source and electron microscopy that uses short-wavelength electron beams. These advances significantly improved magnification, image resolution, and contrast. By comparison, the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 30, 2025

Applying Hyperspectral Reflectance Imaging to Investigate the Palettes and the Techniques of Painters
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A Tailor-Made, Mirror-Based Infrared Scanner for the Reflectography of Paintings: Development, Features, and

Marco Gargano1, Daniele Viganò1,2, Tiziana Cavaleri3,4

  • 1Dipartimento di Fisica Aldo Pontremoli, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20133 Milano, Italy.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|May 13, 2023
PubMed
Summary

A new scanning system uses an InGaAs camera and a rotating mirror for high-resolution infrared reflectography of paintings. This portable, cost-effective system enables detailed analysis of large artworks and underdrawings.

Keywords:
InGaAs cameraSWIR scannerhigh-resolution imaginginfrared reflectographypainting investigationspherical scanningunderdrawings

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Area of Science:

  • Art conservation science
  • Optical engineering
  • Imaging technology

Background:

  • Infrared reflectography (IRR) is crucial for visualizing underdrawings in paintings.
  • Existing IRR systems often require scanning due to small sensor sizes (0.1-0.3 MP).
  • Various scanning methods (point, line, image) exist for obtaining adequate spatial resolution.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a novel, custom-built scanning system for infrared reflectography.
  • To demonstrate a portable, cost-effective solution for high-resolution imaging of large artworks.
  • To showcase the system's capability for in-situ analysis.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized an Indium Gallium Arsenide (InGaAs) camera with a catadioptric long-focus lens.
  • Implemented a rotating mirror and precision step motors for scanning.
  • Integrated an autofocus system with a laser distance meter and motorized lens for continuous refocusing.

Main Results:

  • The developed system is lightweight, portable, and cost-effective.
  • Achieved high-resolution infrared reflectograms suitable for large-scale surfaces.
  • Demonstrated capability for acquiring images at different wavelengths using band-pass filters.
  • Successfully performed in-situ analysis of a 16th-century panel painting.

Conclusions:

  • The new scanning system offers an effective and reliable method for art examination.
  • Its portability and high-resolution imaging advance the field of infrared reflectography.
  • The system is well-suited for detailed analysis of paintings and cultural heritage objects.