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Rapid Acquisition of 3D Images Using High-resolution Episcopic Microscopy
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High-Resolution Multiband 3D Imaging of Egyptian Papyri: Integrating Ultra-Close-Range Photogrammetry and Reflectance

Marco Gargano1, Gianmarco Borghi2,3, Eleonora Verni4,5

  • 1Department of Physics Aldo Pontremoli, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Celoria 16, 20123 Milano, Italy.

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|April 14, 2026
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a new non-contact imaging method for Egyptian papyri, combining photogrammetry and Reflectance Transformation Imaging (RTI). This advanced technique reveals detailed surface morphology crucial for material and conservation research.

Keywords:
close-range photogrammetryconservation sciencecultural heritage 3D modelingmultiband imagingpapyrus documentationreflectance transformation imaging

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Area of Science:

  • Digital Heritage
  • Materials Science
  • Archaeometry

Background:

  • Traditional 2D imaging of Egyptian papyri lacks micrometric surface detail.
  • Material and conservation studies require high-resolution surface morphology data.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate an integrated, non-contact imaging workflow for detailed papyrological documentation.
  • To enhance the capture of micrometric surface morphology beyond standard 2D imaging.

Main Methods:

  • Combined Ultra-Close-Range Multiband Photogrammetry (visible and visible-induced infrared luminescence) with Reflectance Transformation Imaging (RTI).
  • Implemented a revised normal integration strategy using surface planarization and frequency-domain fusion for RTI data.
  • Tested the protocol on six papyrus fragments from Museo Egizio di Torino.

Main Results:

  • Achieved a Ground Sample Distance of 17 µm/px and point cloud density of ~170 points/mm² with photogrammetry.
  • Enabled detailed analysis of fiber morphology, surface deformation, and Egyptian blue distribution.
  • Hybrid models combined metric reliability with enhanced surface detail, overcoming RTI distortions.

Conclusions:

  • The developed workflow provides a scalable and non-invasive approach for papyrological documentation.
  • The integrated method significantly improves the capture of surface morphology for conservation research.
  • This technique offers a valuable tool for understanding papyrus materials and degradation.