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Brain Connectivity Analysis in Distinct Footwear Conditions during Infinity Walk Using fNIRS.

Haroon Khan1, Marco Antonio Pinto-Orellana1, Peyman Mirtaheri1

  • 1Department of Mechanical, Electronics and Chemical Engineering, OsloMet-Oslo Metropolitan University, 0167 Oslo, Norway.

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Summary

The Infinity Walk and challenging footwear increase brain connectivity, aiding neuro-rehabilitation. Barefoot walking showed less brain region interconnectedness compared to other conditions.

Keywords:
Infinity Walkeffective connectivityfootwearfunctional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS)pronation

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biomechanics
  • Human Motor Control

Background:

  • Gait and balance depend on complex interactions between the brain, nervous system, sensory organs, and musculoskeletal system.
  • Footwear, walking patterns, and surfaces significantly influence gait and balance.
  • Understanding brain effective connectivity during various gait conditions is crucial for neuro-rehabilitation and motor learning.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effects of the Infinity Walk, pronation, and footwear on brain effective connectivity patterns.
  • To analyze inter- and intra-hemispheric brain connectivity using a novel causal relationship model.
  • To identify brain regions and their connectivity changes under different walking and footwear conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized continuous-wave functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) to collect brain activity data from five healthy participants.
  • Applied a computationally efficient connectivity model based on Grange causality to analyze effective brain connectivity.
  • Examined brain regions of interest (ROI) connectivity during barefoot, Infinity Walk, and specific footwear conditions (flat insoles, medially wedged sandals) with and without corrected pronation.

Main Results:

  • Brain regions of interest (ROI) exhibited lower connectivity in the barefoot condition compared to more complex walking conditions.
  • The highest interconnectedness between ROI was observed with flat insoles and medially wedged sandals, indicating increased brain engagement with challenging footwear.
  • No statistically significant effect on connectivity patterns was found during corrected pronated posture.
  • Motoric, sensorimotor, and temporal brain regions showed increased connectivity with more demanding walking patterns and footwear.
  • The Infinity Walk consistently induced effective bidirectional connections between ROI across all tested conditions and both brain hemispheres.

Conclusions:

  • The Infinity Walk, due to its repetitive nature, serves as an effective method for assessing brain connectivity, particularly beneficial for neuro-rehabilitation and motoric learning studies.
  • Challenging footwear and complex walking patterns, like the Infinity Walk, enhance brain effective connectivity, suggesting their potential utility in therapeutic interventions.
  • Brain connectivity patterns are sensitive to external factors such as footwear and gait mechanics, highlighting the brain's adaptability and the potential for targeted interventions.