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External Human-Machine Interfaces for Automated Vehicles in Shared Spaces: A Review of the Human-Computer Interaction

Sarah Brill1, William Payre1, Ashim Debnath2

  • 1Centre for Future Transport and Cities, Coventry University, Coventry CV1 5FB, UK.

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Automated vehicles need clear communication with vulnerable road users (VRUs). This review examines external human-machine interfaces (eHMIs) for safer interactions, highlighting research gaps in shared spaces.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Human-Computer Interaction (HCI)
  • Automated Vehicles
  • Road Safety

Background:

  • Increasing automation in vehicles necessitates research into Human and Computer Interactions (HCI) with vulnerable road users (VRUs).
  • Effective communication between automated vehicles and VRUs is crucial for reducing conflicts and enhancing safety in shared road spaces.
  • External human-machine interfaces (eHMIs) are being developed globally to address this communication challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To critically review existing literature on communication strategies between automated vehicles and VRUs in shared environments.
  • To explore recent advancements in eHMI solutions and analyze their effectiveness.
  • To identify gaps in current research and propose future research directions.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on automated vehicle-VRU communication.
  • Analysis of various eHMI solutions and their reported effectiveness.
  • Inclusion of studies utilizing Virtual Reality (VR) for user assessments.

Main Results:

  • Various eHMI solutions have been developed and tested globally to facilitate communication between automated vehicles and VRUs.
  • Effectiveness studies, including those using Virtual Reality (VR), provide insights into current eHMI performance.
  • Significant gaps exist in eHMI research, particularly concerning cyclists and potential negative impacts.

Conclusions:

  • Further research is needed on eHMI effectiveness for cyclists and potential negative consequences.
  • Technical challenges in eHMI implementation require further investigation.
  • There is a notable lack of research on eHMIs in shared spaces, where interaction needs differ from conventional roads.