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Related Concept Videos

Autophagy01:27

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a self-digesting process by which a cell protects itself from threats both within and outside the cell, ranging from abnormal proteins to invading bacteria. In this process, obsolete components of the cell and invading microbes are degraded by hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment of the lysosomal lumen.
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Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
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Autocrine Signaling01:01

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Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells01:17

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Cells undergoing apoptosis form apoptotic bodies that must be removed immediately to prevent inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and necrosis. Phagocytosis is carried out by professional phagocytes such as macrophages or  immature dendritic cells. Non-professional phagocytes such as  epithelial cells and fibroblasts also take part in this process; however, they are not as effective as professional phagocytes. 
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B Cell Activation and Differentiation01:24

B Cell Activation and Differentiation

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The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
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Updated: Jul 30, 2025

Author Spotlight: Assessment of Mitophagy Flux in Pancreatic &#946;-Cells Using Effective and Robust Complementary Approaches
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β Cell and Autophagy: What Do We Know?

Hamid-Reza Mohammadi-Motlagh1, Mona Sadeghalvad2, Niloofar Yavari3

  • 1Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah 67155-1616, Iran.

Biomolecules
|May 16, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Autophagy is crucial for pancreatic beta cell function and survival. Impaired autophagy leads to beta cell failure and the development of diabetes.

Keywords:
autophagyautophagy modulatorsinsulin homeostasistype 1 diabetestype 2 diabetesβ cell

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Area of Science:

  • Cellular Biology
  • Endocrinology
  • Metabolic Diseases

Background:

  • Pancreatic beta cells regulate blood glucose via insulin production.
  • Autophagy, a cellular recycling process, is vital for maintaining beta cell homeostasis.
  • Dysfunctional autophagy is linked to beta cell apoptosis and diabetes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of autophagy in pancreatic beta cell function and fate.
  • To explore how autophagy impacts diabetes pathogenesis.
  • To discuss modulators of autophagy in beta cell failure.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of recent evidence on autophagy and beta cells.
  • Analysis of studies investigating endoplasmic reticulum stress, inflammation, and metabolic demands on autophagy.
  • Examination of intrinsic and extrinsic autophagy modulators.

Main Results:

  • Autophagy critically influences beta cell function, insulin synthesis, and secretion.
  • Impaired autophagy contributes to beta cell dysfunction and apoptosis.
  • Autophagy's role is significant in the initiation and progression of diabetes.

Conclusions:

  • Autophagy is essential for pancreatic beta cell health and glycemic control.
  • Disruptions in autophagy are a key factor in diabetes development.
  • Targeting autophagy modulators may offer therapeutic strategies for diabetes.