Surgical Approaches to Orbital Fractures: A Practical and Systematic Review

Orbital fractures constitute a significant percentage of all midface injuries. Here, we present a contemporary evidence-based review of the major surgical approaches for orbital wall fractures and analyze the literature to compare all major surgical procedures and their complication rates.

A systematic review was conducted to compare surgical approaches (subciliary, transcaruncular, transconjunctival, subtarsal, and endoscopic) and postoperative complications in patients who underwent surgical fixation of orbital wall fractures. A database search in PubMed (PubMed Central, MEDLINE and Bookshelf) was performed for all articles containing the terms "orbital," "wall," "fracture," and "surgery" with different combinations.

A total of 950 articles were obtained and 25 articles were included, representing an analysis of 1137 fractures. The most frequent surgical approach was the endoscopic (33.3%) followed by the external surgical approaches, specifically transconjunctival (32.8%), subciliary (13.5%), subtarsal (11.5%), and transcaruncular (8.9%). The transconjunctival approach had a statistically significantly higher rate of complications (36.19%), followed by the subciliary (21.4%), and endoscopic approach (20.2%, P < 0.0001). The subtarsal approach had a statistically significantly lower rate of complications (8.2%) followed by the transcaruncular approach (14.0%, P < 0.0001).

The subtarsal and transcaruncular approaches were observed to have the lowest rates of complications, whereas the transconjunctival, subciliary, and endoscopic approaches were reported to have higher rates of complications.