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Related Concept Videos

Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

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Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
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Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification01:24

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Bone formation, or ossification, begins around the sixth to seventh week of embryonic development. Most bones develop from a cartilaginous template through the process of endochondral ossification. Cartilage formation begins when clusters of mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes. These chondrocytes proliferate rapidly and secrete an extracellular matrix that becomes encased in a membrane called the perichondrium. The resulting cartilage model provides a template that resembles the...
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The Bone Matrix01:18

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Bone contains a relatively small number of cells entrenched in a matrix of collagen fibers that provide an adherent surface for inorganic salt crystals. Both components of the matrix, organic and inorganic, contribute to the unusual properties of bone. Without collagen, bones would be brittle and shatter easily. Without mineral crystals, bones would flex and provide little support. This can be observed by an experiment: when the minerals of a bone are dissolved by soaking the bone in...
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Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling01:31

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Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during...
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Growth of Cartilage and Bone Tissue01:27

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Chondrocytes form a temporary cartilaginous model by dividing and secreting a thick gel-like extracellular matrix. Once the chondrocytes undergo programmed cell death, osteoblasts enter the site of the cartilaginous model. The process of replacing the temporary cartilaginous model with bone in an ordered manner is called endochondral ossification. In endochondral ossification, not all of the cartilage is replaced by bone tissue. Some cartilage that performs a protective and supportive function...
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Bone Formation by Intramembranous Ossification01:29

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Intramembranous ossification is one of the two processes involved in the development of bones within an embryo. The flat bones of the face, most of the cranial bones, and the clavicles are formed via this process. During intramembranous ossification, the bones develop directly from sheets of undifferentiated mesenchymal connective tissue.
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Adult Mouse Digit Amputation and Regeneration: A Simple Model to Investigate Mammalian Blastema Formation and Intramembranous Ossification
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A microphysiological model of bone development and regeneration.

Ian T Whelan1,2, Ross Burdis1, Somayeh Shahreza3

  • 1Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.

Biofabrication
|May 18, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study introduces a novel microphysiological system to model endochondral ossification (EO), crucial for bone development and healing. The advanced in vitro model aids research into EO and potential therapeutics for bone disorders.

Keywords:
bonedevelopmentmicrophysiologicalmodelorgan on chip

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Developmental Biology
  • Regenerative Medicine

Background:

  • Endochondral ossification (EO) is vital for bone development, growth, and fracture healing.
  • Dysregulated EO leads to clinical issues, often untreatable due to a lack of predictive in vitro models.
  • Current in vitro models lack the biological complexity for effective musculoskeletal tissue research.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop an advanced in vitro microphysiological system that mimics vascular invasion during endochondral ossification.
  • To create a more biologically relevant model for studying bone development and regeneration.
  • To provide a platform for preclinical evaluation of novel therapeutics targeting EO.

Main Methods:

  • Integration of endothelial cells and organoids representing endochondral bone development stages within a microfluidic chip.
  • Development of a microphysiological system to simulate vascular invasion into cartilage analogues.
  • Utilizing organ-on-chip technology for enhanced in vitro modeling.

Main Results:

  • The microphysiological model successfully recreated key events of endochondral ossification.
  • Observed changes in angiogenic profiles within the maturing cartilage analogue.
  • Demonstrated vascular-induced expression of SOX2 and OCT4 transcription factors in the cartilage analogue.

Conclusions:

  • The developed microphysiological system offers an advanced in vitro platform for endochondral ossification research.
  • This model can potentially be used to monitor drug responses in bone development and regeneration processes.
  • Represents a significant advancement for studying complex biological processes like EO and developing new treatments.