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Rapid Mix Preparation of Bioinspired Nanoscale Hydroxyapatite for Biomedical Applications

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Killing Bacteria by Faradaic Processes through Nano-Hydroxyapatite/MoO Platforms.

Juan M Sieben¹, Damián Placente¹, Mónica D Baldini²

¹INQUISUR─CONICET, Department of Chemistry, Universidad Nacional del Sur, B8000CPB Bahía Blanca, Argentina.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces

|May 20, 2023

Summary

This study reveals that nano-hydroxyapatite/molybdenum oxide (nano-HA/MoO) platforms exhibit antimicrobial properties by disrupting bacterial membranes through extracellular electron transfer (EET). This offers a drug-independent approach for combating orthopedic infections.

Keywords:

MoOx chronoamperometry cyclic voltammetry discrete wavelet transform drug-independent antibiotic system hydroxyapatite

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Area of Science:

Biomaterials Science
Materials Chemistry
Infectious Disease Research

Background:

Bone regeneration aims to restore lost bone tissue, with bone grafts often enhanced by antibiotics and regenerative capabilities.
Developing effective strategies against orthopedic infections is crucial, especially with increasing antibiotic resistance.
Biocompatible materials with inherent antimicrobial properties are highly sought after for bone repair applications.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the antimicrobial mechanism of biocompatible nano-hydroxyapatite/molybdenum oxide (nano-HA/MoO) platforms based on their electroactive behavior.
To understand the electron transference capacity of nano-HA and nano-HA/MoO electrodes against pathogenic bacteria.
To explore a drug-independent physical approach for combating local orthopedic infections.

Main Methods:

Cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry were used to measure electron transference capacity.
Electrodes made of nano-hydroxyapatite (nano-HA) and nano-HA/molybdenum oxide (nano-HA/MoO) were tested.
Bacterial ultrastructure was analyzed using microscopy after material contact.

Main Results:

Faradaic processes were confirmed, linked to MoO₄^2-/PO₄^3- group switching and OH vacancies in the nano-HA lattice.
Direct contact with nano-HA/MoO materials disrupted the cytoplasmic membrane of *Pseudomonas aeruginosa* and *Staphylococcus aureus*.
Eukaryotic cells showed no such disruptive effects, indicating material selectivity.
Evidence supports an extracellular electron transfer (EET) mechanism that accelerates bacterial death.

Conclusions:

Nano-HA/MoO platforms demonstrate a drug-independent biocidal mechanism based on EET.
This physical approach targets bacterial cytoplasmic membrane function, leading to cell death.
Phosphate ceramics exhibiting EET offer a promising strategy for treating orthopedic infections associated with implants.