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Related Concept Videos

Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Overview01:09

Infrared (IR) Spectroscopy: Overview

2.0K
When electromagnetic radiation passes through a material, atoms or molecules transition from a lower to a higher energy state by absorbing radiation corresponding to the energy difference between the two states. The absorption of infrared (IR) radiation causes transitions between vibrational energy levels in a molecule. Therefore, IR spectroscopy is a useful analytical tool for determining the molecular structure of molecules.
Different compounds display unique properties due to their...
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IR Spectrometers01:25

IR Spectrometers

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There are two main infrared (IR) spectrophotometers: dispersive IR spectrometers and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers. In a dispersive IR spectrometer, a beam of infrared radiation produced by a hot wire is divided into two parallel equal-intensity beams using mirrors. One beam passes through the sample, while another is a reference beam. The beams then move through the monochromator, which separates the radiations into a continuous spectrum of different frequencies. The...
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IR Frequency Region: X–H Stretching01:24

IR Frequency Region: X–H Stretching

1.0K
In IR spectroscopy, signals produced by the X−H bonds (such as C−H, O−H, or N−H) can be observed in the frequency range of  2700–4000 cm–1. The C−H stretching vibration forms sharp bands in the region 2850–3000 cm–1. The presence of the O−H stretching vibration leads to the forming of an absorption band in the frequency range 3650–3200 cm−1. At the same time, N−H stretching can be confirmed by absorption bands in...
1.0K
IR Absorption Frequency: Hybridization01:21

IR Absorption Frequency: Hybridization

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Hydrocarbons such as alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes show characteristic C–H stretching absorption bands. These IR stretching frequencies depend on the hybridization of the involved carbon atom and can be explained in terms of the s character of each hybridized atomic orbital.
Among the sp, sp2, and sp3 hybridized orbitals, sp orbitals have the maximum s character (50%). Consequently, the electrons are held more closely to the nucleus, resulting in stronger and shorter C–H bonds that...
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IR Spectrum01:19

IR Spectrum

1.1K
When infrared (IR) radiation passes through a molecule, the bonds stretch or bend by absorbing the radiation. This absorption creates the molecule's absorption spectrum, which is the plot of its percentage transmittance versus wavenumber.
Transmittance is defined as the ratio of the radiant power passing through a sample to that from the radiation's source. Multiplying the transmittance by 100 gives the percent transmittance (%T), which varies between 100% (no absorption) and 0%...
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IR Frequency Region: Fingerprint Region01:03

IR Frequency Region: Fingerprint Region

968
IR spectra are divided into two main regions: the diagnostic region and the fingerprint region. The diagnostic region of the spectrum lies above 1500 cm−1. The absorptions resulting from single-bond vibrations of the N–H, C–H, and O–H stretch at higher wavenumbers and appear on the left side of the spectrum. The stretching absorptions of the C≡C and C≡N occur between 2100–2300 cm−1. In contrast, those arising from stretching absorptions of the...
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Infrared Degenerate Four-wave Mixing with Upconversion Detection for Quantitative Gas Sensing
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Tunable infrared upconversion module for the 1.9 to 5.5 µm range.

Peter Tidemand-Lichtenberg, Martin Aagaard, A S Ashik

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    This study presents an efficient, tunable upconversion module for spectroscopy. The compact system offers broad spectral coverage from 1.9 to 5.5 µm, ideal for infrared detection.

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    Area of Science:

    • Nonlinear Optics
    • Spectroscopy
    • Optical Engineering

    Background:

    • Infrared (IR) spectroscopy is crucial for material analysis.
    • Existing upconversion systems often lack broad tunability or portability.
    • Efficient conversion of IR light to visible or near-infrared (NIR) wavelengths is needed for sensitive detection.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To demonstrate and characterize an efficient, tunable upconversion module.
    • To provide broad spectral coverage for spectroscopic applications.
    • To develop a compact and portable system for versatile use.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized periodically poled lithium niobate (PPLN) crystals with varying poling periods (15–23.5 µm).
    • Employed a stack of four fanned poled crystals to achieve full spectral coverage.
    • Characterized the system's efficiency, spectral range (1.9–5.5 µm), and bandwidth using globar illumination.
    • Integrated a computer-controlled system with fiber coupling for flexible detector connection.

    Main Results:

    • Achieved high conversion efficiency and low noise.
    • Demonstrated broad continuous tuning from 1.9 to 5.5 µm.
    • Upconverted signal observed in the 700–900 nm range, suitable for silicon-based detectors.
    • Developed a compact, portable, and computer-controlled system.

    Conclusions:

    • The demonstrated upconversion module offers efficient and tunable infrared spectral coverage.
    • The system's portability and compatibility with standard detectors enhance its practical utility.
    • This technology enables advanced spectroscopic analysis in the 1.9–5.5 µm range.