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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 29, 2025

Using Facial Electromyography to Assess Facial Muscle Reactions to Experienced and Observed Affective Touch in Humans
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Hold me or stroke me? Individual differences in static and dynamic affective touch.

S Hasan Ali1, Adarsh D Makdani2, Maria I Cordero3

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Summary

This study reveals that while gentle stroking touch is preferred, static touch and attitudes towards intimate touch significantly influence affective touch perception. Individual differences, like perceived stress, also impact how we experience touch.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychology
  • Human-Computer Interaction

Background:

  • Low-threshold mechanosensory C-fibres (CTs) are crucial for processing affective aspects of social touch, typically studied via gentle stroking.
  • Social touch encompasses various forms, including static and higher-force interactions like hugging, which are less explored.
  • Individual differences in CT-touch sensitivity are increasingly recognized, necessitating investigation into influencing factors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate preferences for static versus dynamic touch and the impact of force on these preferences.
  • To explore how affective touch experiences, attitudes, autistic traits, depressive symptoms, and perceived stress influence CT-touch sensitivity.
  • To broaden the understanding of the social touch hypothesis beyond gentle stroking.

Main Methods:

  • A lab-based study using robotic touch to assess direct experience and an online study rating affective touch videos for vicarious experience.
  • Participants completed self-report questionnaires measuring individual differences in touch attitudes, autistic traits, depressive symptoms, and perceived stress.
  • CT-sensitivity was proxied by participant dynamic touch quadratic terms derived from robotic and vicarious touch responses.

Main Results:

  • Static touch was generally preferred over non-optimal stroking, while CT-optimal stroking (1-10 cm/s) was rated most pleasant.
  • A force of 0.4N was preferred over 0.05N and 1.5N for robotic touch across all velocities.
  • Attitudes towards intimate touch significantly predicted touch sensitivity, whereas perceived stress negatively predicted ratings for robotic static touch.

Conclusions:

  • Affective touch perception is context-dependent, influenced by both static and dynamic touch, as well as force parameters.
  • Individual difference factors, particularly attitudes towards intimate touch and perceived stress, are significant predictors of CT-touch sensitivity.
  • Future research should consider a wider range of social touch types and individual variability to fully understand the social touch hypothesis.