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Risk factors for acute toxoplasmosis in the Netherlands.

Ingrid H M Friesema1, Agnetha Hofhuis1, Denise Hoek-van Deursen1

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Toxoplasmosis risk in the Netherlands is linked to consuming undercooked game meat and poor hand hygiene. These factors increase the chances of contracting Toxoplasma gondii infection, highlighting the need for safer food preparation.

Keywords:
Case-control studyToxoplasma gondiirisk factorstoxoplasmosis

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Area of Science:

  • Infectious Diseases
  • Parasitology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Toxoplasmosis, caused by *Toxoplasma gondii*, is a global parasitic infection with variable clinical manifestations.
  • Transmission routes include consuming undercooked meat containing bradyzoites or environmental oocysts, but their relative importance is not fully understood.
  • Understanding risk factors is crucial for effective prevention strategies, particularly in regions like the Netherlands.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate potential risk factors associated with recent *Toxoplasma gondii* infection in the Netherlands.
  • To identify specific food consumption patterns and environmental exposures linked to toxoplasmosis.
  • To provide evidence-based recommendations for preventing *T. gondii* infection.

Main Methods:

  • A case-control study design was employed, comparing individuals with recent *T. gondii* infection (cases) to those without (controls).
  • Data were collected via questionnaires from July 2016 to April 2021, including 48 cases and 50 controls.
  • Logistic regression analysis was used to compare food history and environmental exposures, adjusting for demographic factors.

Main Results:

  • Consumption of large game meat was significantly associated with recent *T. gondii* infection (aOR 8.2).
  • Inadequate hand hygiene before food preparation (washing hands sometimes or never) also showed a strong association (aOR 4.1 and 15.9, respectively).
  • The multivariable model confirmed these associations after adjusting for age, gender, and pregnancy status.

Conclusions:

  • Consumption of raw or undercooked meat, especially game meat, is a significant risk factor for toxoplasmosis in the Netherlands.
  • Good hand hygiene practices during food preparation are essential for reducing the risk of *Toxoplasma gondii* infection.
  • Public health messaging should emphasize both safe meat consumption and thorough handwashing to prevent toxoplasmosis.