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Related Concept Videos

COP Coated Vesicles00:59

COP Coated Vesicles

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Membrane-enclosed structures called vesicles transport proteins and lipids across the cell. The vesicles derive their cargo from the plasma membrane, Golgi, ER, or endosome. Coated vesicles are spherical, protein-coated carriers with a 50–100 nm diameter that mediate bidirectional transport between the ER and the Golgi. The distribution of proteins between the ER and Golgi complex is dynamic and is maintained by different coated vesicles. Their formation is driven by the assembly of...
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Overview of Secretory Vesicles01:33

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Secretory vesicles, also known as dense core vesicles (DCVs), are membrane-bound vesicles that transport secretory proteins, such as hormones or neurotransmitters. Regulated secretory vesicles transport proteins from the trans-Golgi network to the exterior of the cell. Proteins present in regulated secretory vesicles are required to be rapidly exocytosed in large amounts upon a specific stimulus.
Various proteins regulate the aggregation of molecules inside the secretory vesicles. Chromogranins...
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Vesicular Tubular Clusters01:45

Vesicular Tubular Clusters

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After budding out from the ER membrane, some COPII vesicles lose their coat and fuse with one another to form larger vesicles and interconnected tubules called vesicular tubular clusters or VTCs. These clusters constitute a compartment at the ER-Golgi interface known as ERGIC (Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Intermediate Compartment). The ERGIC is a mobile membrane-bound cargo transport system that sorts proteins secreted from ER and delivers them to the Golgi.
With the help of motor proteins such...
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Intralumenal Vesicles and Multivesicular Bodies01:38

Intralumenal Vesicles and Multivesicular Bodies

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Intraluminal vesicles (ILVs) are small vesicles 50-80 nm in diameter formed during the maturation of early endosomes. A specialized endosome containing numerous ILVs is called a multivesicular body (MVB). ILVs contain internalized molecules such as antigens, nucleic acids, proteins, and metabolites. Some of these molecules are released from the MVBs inside exosomes and are transported to other cells. Other MVBs contain molecules that are retained in the ILVs and are later degraded within the...
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Clathrin Coated Vesicles01:12

Clathrin Coated Vesicles

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Clathrin-coated vesicles use endocytosis to transport receptors and lysosomal hydrolases from the Golgi to the lysosome in the late secretory pathway. Clathrin-mediated endocytosis was the first described endocytic process, and Clathrin-coated vesicles remain one of the most well-studied transport vesicles. The molecular machinery that generates clathrin-coated vesicles comprises over 50 proteins that precisely coordinate vesicle formation. Cell surface receptors concentrated in indented sites...
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Introduction to Membrane Traffic01:44

Introduction to Membrane Traffic

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The ER, Golgi apparatus, endosomes, and lysosomes work in tandem to modify, sort, and package proteins and lipids. An integrated membrane trafficking network facilitates the back and forth shuttling of molecules within different organelles in the same cell or across the cell membrane.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 29, 2025

Size Exclusion Chromatography to Analyze Bacterial Outer Membrane Vesicle Heterogeneity
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Size Exclusion Chromatography to Analyze Bacterial Outer Membrane Vesicle Heterogeneity

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The composition and function of Enterococcus faecalis membrane vesicles.

Irina Afonina1,2,3, Brenda Tien1,2, Zeus Nair1,4

  • 1Singapore Centre for Environmental Life Science Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551, Singapore.

Microlife
|May 24, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Enterococcus faecalis releases unique membrane vesicles (MVs) enriched in lipoproteins and unsaturated lipids. This study provides the first insights into MV formation mechanisms in Gram-positive bacteria like E. faecalis.

Keywords:
Enterococcus faecalisNF-kB signalinghorizontal gene transferlipidomicsmembrane vesiclesproteomics

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Cell Biology
  • Bacterial Pathogenesis

Background:

  • Membrane vesicles (MVs) play crucial roles in bacterial communication, virulence, and resistance.
  • MV formation mechanisms remain largely unknown in Gram-positive bacteria.
  • Enterococcus faecalis MVs' role in virulence and formation is unexamined.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify, describe, and functionally characterize MVs from Enterococcus faecalis.
  • To investigate the mechanism of MV formation in this Gram-positive bacterium.
  • To understand the composition and potential roles of E. faecalis MVs.

Main Methods:

  • Isolation and characterization of MVs from E. faecalis cultures.
  • Analysis of MV lipid and protein profiles.
  • Comparison of MV composition with the intact cell membrane.

Main Results:

  • E. faecalis releases MVs with distinct lipid and protein compositions.
  • MVs are enriched in lipoproteins and unsaturated lipids compared to the cell membrane.
  • Unsaturated lipids may confer membrane flexibility, aiding MV formation.

Conclusions:

  • E. faecalis produces MVs with unique characteristics.
  • The lipid composition of E. faecalis MVs offers insights into their formation mechanism.
  • This research advances understanding of MV biogenesis in Gram-positive bacteria.