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Related Concept Videos

Genetic Screens02:46

Genetic Screens

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Genetic screens are tools used to identify genes and mutations responsible for phenotypes of interest. Genetic screens help identify individuals or a group of people at risk of developing  genetic diseases and help them with early intervention, targeted therapy, and reproductive options.
Forward genetic screens
Forward or “classical” genetic screens involve creating random mutations in an organism’s DNA using radiation, mutagens, or insertion of additional bases, which...
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In most mammalian species, females have two X sex chromosomes and males have an X and Y. As a result, mutations on the X chromosome in females may be masked by the presence of a normal allele on the second X. In contrast, a mutation on the X chromosome in males more often causes observable biological defects, as there is no normal X to compensate. Trait variations arising from mutations on the X chromosome are called “X-linked”.
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The Concept of Multiple Allelism
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Some of Mendel’s crosses examined three pairs of contrasting characteristics. Such a cross is called a trihybrid cross. A trihybrid cross is a combination of three individual monohybrid crosses. For example, plant height (tall vs. short), seed shape (round vs. wrinkled), and seed color (yellow vs. green).
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Gregor Mendel's work (1822 - 1884) was primarily focused on pea plants. Through his initial experiments, he determined that every gene in a diploid cell has two variants called alleles inherited from each parent. He suggested that amongst these two alleles, one allele is dominant in character and the other recessive. The combination of alleles determines the phenotype of a gene in an organism.
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Common Orthopedic Traits and Screening for Breeding Programs.

Jessica J Hayward1, Rory J Todhunter2

  • 1Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.

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|May 24, 2023
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Identifying genetic associations for complex orthopedic diseases in dogs is challenging. Advanced genomic methods promise to improve understanding and genetic quality for canine orthopedic health.

Keywords:
BreedingDogsGeneticsOrthopedic traitsScreening

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Genetics
  • Canine Orthopedics

Background:

  • Orthopedic diseases in dogs are complex traits influenced by genetic and environmental factors.
  • Existing registries like the Orthopedic Foundation for Animals (OFA) and PennHIP collect data on hip and elbow scores, patellar luxation, Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease, and shoulder osteochondrosis.
  • Estimated breeding values are currently used to reduce the prevalence of hip and elbow dysplasia.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the potential of advanced genomic technologies for understanding canine orthopedic diseases.
  • To highlight the need for improved genetic quality in canine populations regarding orthopedic health.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing orthopedic data registries (OFA, PennHIP).
  • Discussion of the application of estimated breeding values in canine breeding.
  • Consideration of genomic prediction and whole-genome sequencing technologies.

Main Results:

  • Genetic and environmental factors complicate the identification of genetic associations for canine orthopedic diseases.
  • Current breeding selection methods using estimated breeding values can reduce the severity and prevalence of hip and elbow dysplasia.
  • Genomic technologies offer a promising avenue for deeper genetic insights.

Conclusions:

  • Genomic prediction and whole-genome sequencing are expected to significantly advance our knowledge of the genetics underlying canine orthopedic diseases.
  • These advancements are anticipated to lead to substantial improvements in overall canine orthopedic genetic quality.