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Related Concept Videos

Ligand Binding Sites02:40

Ligand Binding Sites

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Proteins are dynamic macromolecules that carry out a wide variety of essential processes; however, the activities of most proteins depend on their interactions with other molecules or ions, known as ligands.
Protein-ligand interactions are quite specific; even though numerous potential ligands surround a cellular protein at any given time, only a particular ligand can bind to that protein. Moreover, a ligand binds only to a dedicated area on the surface of the protein, known as the...
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Allosteric proteins have more than one ligand binding site; the binding of a ligand to any of these sites influences the binding of ligands to the other sites. When a protein is allosteric, its binding sites are called coupled or linked.  In the case of enzymes, the site that binds to the substrate is known as the active site and the other site is known as the regulatory site. When a ligand binds to the regulatory site, this leads to conformational changes in the protein that can influence...
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|May 24, 2023
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This study introduces a novel method for creating functional nanoparticles by using ligands as building blocks, offering precise control over particle properties and bio-nano interactions for advanced applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Biomaterials Engineering

Background:

  • Ligand functionalization of particles often requires chemical modification and struggles with surface density control.
  • Existing methods for particle functionalization present challenges in maintaining intrinsic ligand properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a new strategy for assembling functional nanoparticles using ligands as integral building blocks.
  • To explore various self-assembly and template-mediated strategies for particle formation.
  • To categorize and discuss particle assembly based on ligand types: small molecules, polymers, and biomacromolecules.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized self-assembly and template-mediated assembly strategies.
  • Employed diverse functional ligands including proteins, peptides, DNA, polyphenols, glycogen, and polymers.
  • Investigated covalent and noncovalent interactions for particle formation.

Main Results:

  • Successfully assembled various nanoengineered particles (nanoparticles, capsules, replica, core-shell).
  • Demonstrated control over particle physicochemical properties (size, shape, charge, permeability, stability, stiffness, stimuli-responsiveness).
  • Showcased modulation of bio-nano interactions (stealth, targeting, cell trafficking) through ligand selection.

Conclusions:

  • Ligand-based particle assembly offers superior control over properties compared to post-functionalization.
  • Specific ligand choices enable tailored bio-nano interactions, impacting circulation time and targeting efficiency.
  • Polyphenol ligands show promise for pH-responsive disassembly and enhanced endosomal escape.